iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka jir 2398 la blau.sh jHjydr j¾I 1855 jif¾ fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr Wfmdai:d.drhg /iajQ uyd úydrjxYsl O¾u úkhOr uy f;reka jykafia,d m%Odk Wmd,sjxYsl uydúydÍh ix>hd Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh my;rg l<hq;= wdldrh idlÉPd lr iïu; fldg fuu W;=ï Ydiksl ld¾hh l%shd;aul lsÍu msKsi Y%S l,HdKs idu.%sO¾u ix> iNdj m%;sIaGdmkh l<y' wk;=rej nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a mdoiam¾Yfhka mú;% jQ l,HdKs koS Wol=fCLm iSudfjys Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh lsÍug iïu; l<y' iïu; lr .;a mßos 1856 uehs ui 22 jk osk fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh mßydkshg m;aùfuka miq l,HdKs Wol=fCLm iSudfjys my;rg m%:u j;djg Wmiïod úkh l¾uh l<y' fujl l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix> iNdj WmdOHdhka jykafia,d fokula yd l¾ujd.dpd¾hhka jykafia,d wgkulf.ka iEÿKq oi jd¾.sl iNdjlska hqla; úh' l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u ix> iNdfõ ish,q lghq;= WmdOHdhka jykafia,df.a uQ,sl;ajfhkau isÿúh' lghq;= lsÍfuys myiqj i,ld ix> iNdj msysgqjd,Sfuys uQ,slj l%shdl< uyf;reka jykafia,d jev isá úydria:dk kdufhka md¾Yaj myla jYfhka f.k WmdOHdhka jykafia,d mia kula m;a lr Wkajykafia,df.a wkque;sfhkau isÿlsÍug .;a iïu;h ix>iNdfõ wo olajdu l%shd;aulj ms<s.;a uQ,O¾uhls' 1856ka miq mxpmd¾Yajfha WmdOHdhka jykafia,d mia kula yd l¾ujd.dpd¾hhka jykafia,d 15kulf.ka iukaú; úxYoa jd¾.sl Wmiïmod ldrl iNdjla ix>iNdj i;= ùu fõ.j;a ixj¾Okhls' w;sf¾lj f;dard .;a miakula iuÕ l,HdKs ldrl iNdj 25kulf.ka hqla; úh' tu iNdfjkau f;dard.;a úkhOr wgkulska hq;a úksYaph ldrl iNdjla ùu jeo.;a ,CIKhls' jeä l,la .; jkakg fmr l,HdKs ldrl iNdj mkiaku olajd j¾Okh ùu iqúfYaI ,CIKhls'

jir 37la l,HdKs koS Wol=fCLm iSudfjys Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh isÿl< l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdj ;jÿrg;a Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh Wol=fCLm iSudfjys isÿ lsÍfï ÿIalr;djka i,ld jHjydr j¾I 1893 jif¾ uehs ui 03 jk osk fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr Wfmdai:d.drhg /iajQ mxpmd¾Yaùh WmdOHdh uydf;rjreka m%Odk uydix>hd 37 jirla l,HdKs Wol=fCLm iSudfõ lrk ,o Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr noaOiSudud,lfha isÿlsÍug ;SrKh l<y' we;s lr.;a iïuq;sh mßos 1894 j¾Ifha fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr Wfmdai:d.drhg msúiqK l,HdKs idu.%sO¾u uyd ix>iNdj uehs ui 21 jk osk Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh l<y' 1894 jir jk f;la mej;s l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdj Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh lsÍu i|yd fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr Wfmdai:d.drh f;dard .ekSfuka miq l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdj fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdj hk kdufhka m%isoaêhg meñKsfhah'

we;euqka fldaÜfÜ ksldhhhs y`ÿkajkq ,nk fuh ishï wurmqr rdu[a[ hk ksldh;%hg mßndysr jQ isõjeks ksldhla fkdfõ' ix>iNdj ishï uyd ksldhgu wh;a jQ kuq;a iajdëk ixia:djls' Y%S chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydria: Wfmdai:d.drfhaoS wdrïN flreKq fuu ix>iNdj l,HdKs koS Wol=fCLm iSudfõ Wmiïmodj weröug wruqKq l< ksid l,HdKs kduho ziqLd ix>iai idu.a.SZ hkdoS O¾udkqnoaO nqoaO foaYkdj wkqj idu.%S ridiajdoh lrk ksido tys,d iïu; l;sldj;a ms<s.kakd f,io idu.%SO¾u kduh fuu iNdjg wkaj¾:h" fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdj WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.a uQ,sl fldg mj;shs'

zWmÊCOdh uQ,sld mínÊcd p Wmiïmod phs lS mrsos wkqj meúoao yd WmiïmodfõoS muKla fkdj ish¨ lghq;=j, oS WmdOHdhka jykafia uQ,ia:dkfha ;nd l%shd;aulfõ' fuu ix> iNdj msysgqùfïoS uQ,sl jQ fnka;r jkjdi úydrdêm;s fnka;r wF:oiais uyd ia:úr" Y%S chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s u,s.iafma O¾ulS¾;s Y%S ux.,dNsOdk fld<U kj fldarf<a yd kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl ia:úrhka jykafia" uywre.af.dv bkaoirdrdudêm;s mdkÿf¾ iqux.,dNsOdk uyd ia:úrhka jykafia" .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s mems<shdfka Y%S uyd úydr jxYd,xldr YS,jxYdNsOdk kdhl ia:úrhka jykafia" r;au,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh úydrdêm;s" il, úoaj;a l=,;s,ldhudk j,dfka isoaOd¾: uydia:úr mdohka jykafia hk udysñjrekaf.a úydria:dk kdufhka úydr md¾Yaj mylska iukaú;h'

1& fnka;r úydr md¾Yajh'
2& fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr md¾Yajh'
3& wre.af.dv úydr md¾Yajh'
4& .,af.dv úydr md¾Yajh'
5& r;au,dk úydr md¾Yajh'

md¾Yaj mylska iukaú; jQ ix>iNdj 1997 jif¾oS fndfyda fokd jykafiaf.a leue;a; mßos .kakd ,o iïuq;shg wkqj fnka;r úydr md¾Yaùh ix>hd wêl fyhska 1997 Tlaf;daïn¾ ui 18 osk fjku md¾Yajhla jYfhka iïu; lr.kakd ,oS' tu yhjk md¾Yajh oCIsK úydr md¾Yajhhs' yeu md¾Yajhlgu WmdOHdhka jykafia kula ne.ska WmdOHdhka jykafia,d ih kula fj;s' ix> iNdjg wh;a úydria:dkj, isák ish,qu NsCIQka jykafia,d fuu md¾Yaj yfhka tllg wh;ah' fï yer ix>iNdfõ iïm%odhhka ms<sf.k iNdfõ idudðl;ajh .kakd NsCIQkaf.a ms<s.ekSu yd leue;a; mßos leu;s md¾Yajhlg we;=<;a úh yelsh' ta ta md¾Yajhkag wh;a Wmiïmkak NsCIQka jykafia,d WmdOHdhhka jykafiaf.a iNdm;s;ajfhka md¾Yaj iNd hg;g m;a flf¾' ix>iNdj wdrïNfha isgu Wmiïmod ldrl iNdj l,HdKs ldrl iNdj" úksYaph ldrl iNdj hkqfjka ldrl iNd ;=kls' j;auka ix>iNdfõ fuu ldrl iNd yereK úg WmfoaYl ldrl iNdjla fjhs' WmdOHdhka jykafia,df.ka iEÿKq W;a;udêlrKh u.ska O¾u úkh .eg,qj,oS wjidk ;Skaÿj .kq ,efí'

Wmiïmod ldrl iNdj yd l,HdKS ldrl iNdj

úydr md¾Yaj yfha WmdOHdhka jykafia,d yh ku iy tla md¾Yajhlska l¾ujd.dpd¾hhka y;r ku ne.ska jQ 24 kulf.ka Wmiïmod ldrl iNdj ;sia kulf.ka iukaú;h' uq,a ld,fha oS md¾Yaj mfyka WmdOHdhka jykafia mia kulf.ka o tla md¾Yajhlska l¾ujd.dpd¾hhka ;=kaku ne.ska o úiskula úh' fuhg w;sf¾lj f;dard.kakd miaku;a iuÕ l,HdKs ldrl iNdj" mkiayh kulf.ka hqla; fjhs' j;auka ix>iNdfõ l,HdKs ldrl iNslhka úisy;r kulf.ka hqla; h' rdcuyd úydrdêm;Ska jykafia;a iuÕ úismia kuls' j;auka ix>iNdfõ l,HdKs ldrl iNdj mkiamia kuls' tu iNdfõ hdjÔj idudðl;ajh ysñjkafka Wmiïmod ldrl iNslhkag muKs' th úkh úNd.hlg fmkS isàfuka wk;=rej f;dardm;a lr.kq ,efí' WmdOHdh uQ,sl jQ fuu iNdfõ md,k myiqj ;ld uydkdhl" wkqkdhl" md¾Yaj kdhl" m<d;a kdhl hk ;k;=re m;alr ;sfí'

úksYaph ldrl iNdj

ix> iNdfõ l=ÿuy;a NsCIq idufKarhka ms<sn| bosßm;a jk wêlrK úksYaph lsÍu fuu iNdfõ ld¾hNdrhhs' tla tla úydr md¾Yajhlska foku ne.ska úksYaph ldrl iNdj fodf<dia kulf.ka iukaú;h' fuhska yhkula Wmiïmod ldrl iNdfjkao wfkla yhku WmfoaYl iNdj u.ska wkqu; l,HdKs ldrl iNsl NsCIQkaf.kao f;dard .kq ,efnhs' fuh f,dalkS;sh" O¾ukS;sh yd úkh kS;s ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla we;s .sys meúos fomCIfhau hym;a ms<s.ekSula we;s wkqka úiska lrk,o fpdaokd ^mfrdamjdo& ke;s NsCIQkaf.ka iEÿKq iajdëk uKav,hls' úksYaph ldrl iNdj /iaj ldrl iNslhka w;ßka fhdackd ia:sr lr.kakd O¾uúkh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;s jDoaO uyf;r kula wkqúÊcl jYfhka m;alr .kq ,efnhs'

WmfoaYl ldrl iNdj

úydr md¾Yaj yfhys WmdOHdhka jykafia,d úiska m;alrk l,HdKs ldrl iNslhka mia kulf.ka fuu uKav,h iukaú;h' uykdysñhkaf.a WmfoaYl uKav,h jYfhka l%shdlrk fuu uKav,h f.!rj kduiïuq;s jeks úfYAI f.!rjkdu oshhq;a;ka mÍCId lr bosßm;a lsÍu jeks iNdj i;= úfYaI ld¾hhka ixúOdkh f;aÍï yd WmfoaYl uKav,fha j.lSï h' W;a;udêlrKh fldÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdj WmdOHdh uQ,sl fyhska wjidk ;SrKh .kafka W;a;udêlrKhhs' WmdOHdhka jykafia,d ihkuf.ka W;a;udêlrKh ieÿï ,oafoa fjhs' W;a;udêlrK ;Skaÿ iïu;jkafka uykdysñhka w;aika ;nd wkqu; lsÍfuka wk;=rejh' WmdOHdh yhkug w;sf¾lj md¾Yaj fNaoh fkdi,ld l,HdKs ldrl iNslhka m;alr .; hq;=h' ix>iNdfõ ish,q lghq;= WmdOHdhka jykafia uq,a lrf.k we;s fyhska uydkdhl wkqkdhl moú m;a lrkq ,nkafka WmdOHdhka jykafia,df.a wkque;sh we;sj Pkao úuiSfuks'

ix>iNdfõ ixhq;sh

ix>iNdfõ ixhq;sh wkqj m%Odk jkafka uydkdhl moúhhs' wk;=rej wkqkdhl moú fol" md¾Yaj kdhl moú yh" uydúydr kdhl moúh úfYaI moú fõ' m<d;a moú" osia;%sla kdhl moú" fldar< moú" w.kqjr chj¾Okmqr kdhl moúh' mQ¾fjdala; kdhl moúj, Wmmoú yd úfYaI wjia:djkays m;aflfrk kdhl moú fj;s' m%Odk f,aLl" Wmf,aLl" kduf,aLl" úksYaph f,aLl" Wmiïmod f,aLl yd j;a;mámdol hk fuu ;k;=rej,ska ix>iNdj ieliS we;' ix>iNdfõ wdos l¾;Dka jykafia,d úiska iNdfõ md,k ixrCIK lghq;= i|yd mkjd we;s iïuq;s m;%hlao l,HdKs l;sldj; yd wNskj l;sldj;la o fõ' l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdfõ Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh" uydkdhl wkqkdhl moú m;alsÍu" chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr ux., Wfmdai:d.drfhaoSu isÿl< hq;= nj ix> iïu;hhs'

jir 13la uyd ix>iNdfõ m%Odk OQrh ye`ÿkajd we;af;a ‘‘uydkdhl’’ hk kñka fkdj ix>kdhl fyda m%Odk ix>kdhl kñkah' fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdfõ iudrïNl wjêfha m%Odk ix>kdhl OQrh fynjQfha fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s u,s.iafma O¾ulS¾;s Y%S ux.,dNsOdk udysñmdKka jykafiah' Wkajykafiag tjl bx.%Sis wdKavqj fld<U kj fldar<fha yd kj f;dguqfKa uydkdhl moúh msßkud ;snqKs' 1873 jif¾ Wkajykafiaf.a wmj;a ùfuka miqj fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s neoao.dfka w;a:oiais ysñ m%Odk ix>kdhl OQrhg m;a jQy' fojirlg miq Wkajykafia wmj;a jQ fyhska .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s Y%S uydúydr jxYd,xldr mems,shdfka YS,jxi kdysñ m%Odk ix>kdhl Oqrhg m;a jQy' 1874 jif¾ Wkajykafia wmj;a ùfuka miq hï hï fya;+ka ksid uydkdhl moú iïu; fkdfldg WmdOHdhka jykafiaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka ál l,la iNdfõ md,k lghq;= f.k hk ,oS' fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrfha ux., Wfmdai:d.drfha Wmiïmodj lsÍug wdrïN l< miq ix>iNdfõ m<uqjk uydkdhl moúh fynjQfha fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s weUq,a.u O¾ulS¾;s Y%S úu,;siai uyd kdysñhka h' Wkajykafia uydkdhl moúhg m;a jQfha 1898' 06' 08 jk osk h' Wkajykafiaf.a wejEfuka fírej, imqf.dv Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s Y%S uyd úydrjxYd,xldr nÿr,sfha Y%S ërdkkao uyd iajdóJøhka jykafia 1920 jif¾oS uydkdhl moúhg m;a jQy' 1936 jir jk;=re uydkdhl moúh fynjQ Wkajykafia tu jif¾oS wmj;a jQy' nÿr,sfha uydkdysñf.ka miq 1936 jif¾oS fldaÜfÜ Y%S merl=ïnd mßfõKdêm;s Y%S uydúydrjxYd,xldr O¾ulS¾;s Y%S udosfj, wfkdauoiais uyd iajdóJøhka jykafia uykdhl moúhg m;ajQy' 1948 jif¾oS Wkajykafia wmj;a jQfhka wk;=rej uydkdhl moúhg m;ajQfha j,dfka isoaOF:drdudêm;s Y%Suyd úydrjxYd,xldr O¾ulS¾;s Y%S lsre<mfka Y%S úu, uyd iajdñJøhka jykafia h' 1955 jif¾oS Wkajykafia wmj;a jQ fyhska uydkdhl moúhg fud,a,sf.dv m%jpfkdaoh mßfõKdêm;s" Y%SuydúydrjxYd,xldr úu,lS¾;s Y%S bkaofcda;s wßhjxidNsOdk uyd iajdóJøhka jykafia m;ajQy' ix> iNdfõ oshqKqj i|yd wjYH mshjr ;enQ uydkdysñmdKka jykafia Y%oaOd YS, ixhudoS .=Kfhka fmdfydi;aj iNdfõ ish,q fokd jykafia flfrys fu;a is;ska hq;=j iQúis jirla uydkdhl moúh fynjQy' wo olajd mj;sk Wfmdai:d.drh lrjQfha uqkajykafia uydkdhl moúh oerE ld,fhaoSh' Wkajykafiaf.a wejEfuka ix>iNdfõ uyd moúhg iïm%dma; jQfha fud,a,sf.dv m%jpfkdaoh mßfõKdêm;s" Y%Suyd úydrjxYd,xldr" ;%smsgl jd.SYajr" rdclSh mKaä;" ,nq.u Y%S ,xldkkao udysñmdKka jykafiah' jir 17la Ydiksl yd ixialD;sl jYfhka NdId idys;Hhg wkqmfïh fiajhl ksr; jQy' j¾;udk Ydik b;sydih ;=< m%dÖk wOHhk fCIa;%fhys w;súYsIag .Kfha úoajf;l= f,i Wkajykafia m%lgj isáhy' 2500 iïnqoaO;aj chka;sh fjkqfjka Y%S ,xld oaùmfhys l< jeo.;au ld¾hh jkqfha tf;la wjq,a úhjq,aj mej;s ;%smsgl ixfYdaOkh lsÍu yd mßj¾;kh lsÍuhs' wdrïNfha mgka 1956 isg 1960 jk f;la wLKavj tu ld¾hfhys ksr;j isá uydh;sjrhka jykafia ,nq.u ,xldkkao uydkdhl iajdñka jykafia h' ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,dfjys jeä m%udKhla ixialrKh lf<a;a mßj¾;kh lf<a;a Wkajykafia úiskah' tu ld¾hfhys ksr; ùu ;=,ska ,o oekqï iïNdrh jpkfhka m%ldY l< fkdyels ;rï W;alDIag ;;a;ajhls' tneúka ;%smsgl mßj¾;k iïm%dma;sh fjkqfjka tjlg rcfha ckdêm;s OQrh fynjQ rKisxy fm%auodi ue;s;=ud m%Odk rch Wkajykafia m%Odk uKav,h fj; úfYaI mQfcdamydr olajk ,oS'

furg NdId Ydia;% iy idys;H fjkqfjka isxy, md,s ixialD; NdId;%fhka my; olajd we;s .%ka: rdYshla rpkd l< Wkajykafia fldaÜfÜ ix>iNd b;sydifha jevisá ix>iNdjg w;sYhskau lS¾;shla ,ndÿka uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia kula jQy' Wkajykafia 1997 j¾Yfha wmj;a jQy' wdodyk mQfcda;aijh mQ¾K rdcH f.!rj iys;j isÿlrk ,oS'

wk;=rej uydkdhl moúhg m;ajQfha je,slv Y%S chj¾Okdrdudêm;s Y%SuydúydrjxYd,xldr O¾ulS¾;s Y%S foajykaosfha ioaOd;siai wkqkdhl udysñmdKka jykafiah' YS,jDoaO .=KjDoaO uydkdysñmdKka jykafia jfhdajDoaO jQ fyhska fuu W;=ï moúfhys ksr; úh yels jQfha flá ld,hls' 2000 jif¾ fmnrjdß ui 08 jk osk Wkajykafia wmj;a ù jod<y' mqrmamdvq jQ uyd ix>iNdfõ uydkdhl moúhg úfoHdaoh msßfjfka Wmm%Odkdpd¾h" rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s fn,a,k [dKúu,dNsOdk uyd iajdñJøhka jykafia m;ajQy'

fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%sO¾u uyd ix>iNdfõ uydkdhl" rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s" w.a.uyd mKaä; fn,a,k Y%S [dKúu, udysñmdfKda ix> iudcfhys ÿ¾,N .Kfha meúos mçrejKla jQy' md,s" ixialD;" yskaos NdIdjka ms<sn| .eUqre oekqula we;s [dKúu, uydkdysñhkag O¾u úkh ms<sn| we;s mq¿,a oekqu úiauhcklh' wgqjd àld iuÕ O¾uh újrKh lrk wm uydkdysñhkag wgqjd mdG lgmdvñka lSfï yelshdj ;sìK' fn,a,k Y%S O¾umd, msßfjfKka O¾u Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkh ,en úoHd,xldr úfoHdaoh uyd msßfjka j,ska úYajúoHd, j,ska úúO Wmdê ,nd we;s wm uyd kdysñmdKka jykafiaf.ka furg NsCIq wOHdmkhg isÿjQ fiajdj w;súYsIagh' fn,a,k Y%S O¾umd, msßfjKska wdrïN l< Wkajykafiaf.a wOHdmk fiajdj wjika jQfha úfoHdaoh msßfjKska yd úfoHdaoh úYajúoHd,fhks' ;%smsgl O¾uh md,sfhka isxy,g ke.SfïoS Wkajykafia ,nd ÿka odhl;ajh tu ld¾hh b;d fyd`oska wjika lsÍug yelshdj ,enqKs' O¾u¥;fhl= jYfhka Wkajykafia cd;Hka;r uÜgfuka l< fiajdj nqÿoyu fmrwmr foos. f,dalfha jHdma;shg uy;a rel=,la úh' wm uyd ix>iNdfõ j¾;udk uydkdhl OQrh fydnjkafka Y%S uydúydrjxYd,xldr idys;iQÍ wdpd¾h w;s.re b;a;Emdk Oïud,xldrdNsOdk uydkdhl ud ysñhka jykafia h' Wkajykafia wdpd¾h Wmdêh iu;a ,xldfõ tlu uykdysñfhda fj;s' tfukau Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoH,fha l=,m;s moúho Wkajykafia or;s'