iudrïNl WmdOHdhhka jykafia,d
nqÿrÿka msßksù 237 jila blau .sh i`o ñys`ÿ uyry;ka jykafia m%Odk O¾uÿ;hka jykafia,d fojk mE;sia rcqka m%Odk msßi fn!oaOhka fldg nqÿoyu isxy,hdf.a cd;sl wd.u njg m;al<y. tod isg wo olajd u úúO w¾nqo fjkiaùï wdmodjkag uqyqKfoñka f:rjd§ nqÿiuh ukdj wdrCIs;j mj;S'
Èjhsfka nqoaO Ydikh msysgqjd wjqreÿ 2328 muK ld,hla .;ù ;sfí. wkqrdOmqr, fmdf<dkakrej, oUfoKsh, hdmyqj, l=reKE.,, .ïfmd,, fldaÜfÜ, lkao Wvrg wd§ jYfhka hq. .Kkdjla .; ù we;' uydúydrh, wNh.sßh, fca;jkh, ;siai uydúydrh wd§ uQ,ia:dk flaJø lrf.k wkqrdOmqr hq.fha fndfyda úydrdu ;snQ nj jxYl:d, wÜGl:d we;=¿ idys;H uQ,dY%h, n%yau wNsf,aLk yd fi,a,sms we;=¿ mqrdúoHd;aul idOlj,skq;a ikd: fõ' fmdf<dkakre hq.fha iqm;, wIaguQ,dh;k ;snqfKa h. oUfoKs hdmyq uOHld,Sk hq.h jk úg “.K” jYfhka ixúOdkh úh' l%s'j' 1472 fldaÜfÜ yh jk mrdl%uNdyq rc;=ud f;la jQ iïNdjH ft;sydisl hq.fha§ foaYmd,k tlai;alu;a rdcH wkq.%yh;a m%;sn, iïmkak NsCIQka jykafia,df.a kdhl;ajh;a m%N+ yd fmdÿ ck;djf.a wkq.%yh;a ksid Ydiksl ÈhqKqj we;s úh'
16 jk ishjfia ,xldfõ foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh ÿ¾j, ùu;a mD;=.Sis ,kafoais bx.%Sis hg;aúcs;jd§ka jQ ksid;a, m<uqjk rdcisxy rc;=ud jeks rcjrekaf.a lghq;= ksid;a nqoaOYdikh msßySug m;aùu;a, tneúka Wmiïmod NsCIQka wfydaisùu;a .Kskajykafia,d Ydiksl lghq;=j, ksr; ùu;a olakg ,enqKs' flfia fj;;a fjfyr úydr wdrCId lr.ekSug yd O¾u .%ka: /l.ekSu wd§ l¾hj, ksr; fjñka .Kskajykafia,d ft;sydisl fufyjrla nqoaOYdikh fjkqfjka bgq l<y'
kQ;k Ydiksl ÈhqKqj
fï w`ÿre hq.fha my< jqKq je,súg irKxlr iajdóJøhka jykafia kQ;k Ydiksl, wOHdmksl, Ydia;%Sh, ixialD;sl fCIa;%fha ks¾ud;DjrhdfKdah. 1698 cqks 19 jeksod je,súg § l=,;=x. mrmqf¾ t;=ud cks; úh' l%s'j' 1714 § fidf<dia yeúßÈ úfha§ iQßhf.dv úydrfha § iQßhf.dv úydf¾ f.or ls;aisßfujka rdciqkaor idufKarhka <`. meúÈ jQy. Ydiksl Wodr ye`.Sï we;sj Wkajykafia bf.kqï lghq;= l<y' is,aj;a iud.u msysg jQy. Ydiksl ms<sfj;a mqreÿ l<y' kshulkafoa we;s l< fkajdisl Ydia;%Yd,dfjka wkq.dñlhkag ±kqu ,nd ÿkay. fmd;am;a rpkd l<y fuu l%shd moaO;sfha úYaIag wjika m%;sM,h kï lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a iydh ,en ishï foaYhg ¥;hka jykafia,d msg;alr hjd Wmd,s iajdñJøhka jykafia m%Odk uyd ia:úrhka jykafia,d 21 kula jevujd l%s.j. 1753 cQ,s 19 id m<uqj ishï NsCIQka Wmiïmodjg m;alsÍuh' ,xld Ydikh ia:djr úh. fuu NsCIq jYfhka YHdfudamd,s jxYsl ishï uyd ksldh hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ. jd¾Isl WNh úydria:dkj, Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh isÿúh. ishï ksldh ia:djr jQfhah. fndfyda Wmiïmod NsCIqka jykafia,d my< jQy' Wkajykafia,d Wvrg, my;rg wd§ jYfhka Èjhsk mqrd jHdma; jQy'
l,HdKs idu.%sO¾u ix>iNdj msysgqùu
ix>rdc udysñhka kej; Wmiïmodj msysgqjd ish jila .;jk l,ays fndafyda ±k W.;a NslaIQka jykafia,d jev isáhy. my;rg Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh msysgqùu isÿl< hq;= nj;a th YdikdNsjDoaêhg fya;=jk nj;a úúO ÿIalr;d u`.yrjd .eksug th bjy,a jk nj;a Wkajykafia, w;r idlÉPdjg Ndckh ù ;sfí' ta w;r my; ±lafjk lreKq úfYaI úh'
1' my;rg Wmiïmod úkh l¾u m%;sIaGdmkh l< hq;= nj"
2' my;rg Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh msysgqùu Ydiksl wNsjDoaêhg fya;=jk nj"
3' Wmiïmodj i`oyd uykqjr .uka lsßu buy;a ÿIalr;d we;slrk nj yd tu ÿIalr;d ÿre l< yels nj"
4' my;rg NslaIQka jykafia,d ms<sn`oj uykqjrg ;sfnkafka jeo.;a wdl,amhla fkdjk nj
5' u,aj;= wia.sß úydrj, wêm;sjdÈ nj"
6' wêudijdoh ms<sn`o jQ u;fNao
fï w;r l%s'j' 1855 uehs 27 jeksod fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais iajdóJøhka jykafia WmiïmodfmaCIlhka jykafiamd mif<dia kula iu`. uykqjr n,d msg;a jQy' Bg fmr 1855 uehs 19 jk Èk u,aj;= uydkdysñmdKka jQ mrl=Uqf¾ uydkdhl iajdñkaøhka jykafiag ,smshla fhduql< fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais ysñfhda “wfma is;a j, ;sfnk l,amkdj,a w;yeroud iudodkfhka wd.fï lghq;= lr .ekSfï wdksYxi l,amkd lr ;sfnk nj ie,l<y' tfy;a u,aj;= úydrfhaÈ wêudijdoh yd nqoaOj¾I jdoh idlÉPd úh. ksfõok ksl=;a úh' tlu Èk Wmiïmodj ,enQ ;u YsIH NsCIQka jykafia,d fokulf.a Wmiïmod iSÜgqj, tll nq'j' 2398 hkqfjka wksflys 2399 hkqfjka ÿgq fnka;r w;a:oiais kdysñfhda l,l mgkau my;rg Wmiïmod úkhl¾u msysgqùu ms<sn`o woyia iaÓr lr.;ay' 1855 fmdfidka ui fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrhg /iaj my; kï i`oyka iajdóJøhka jykafia,d l,HdKS idu.%SO¾u ix>iNdj m%;sIaGdmkh l<y' fuu uyf;reka jykafia,d mia kï wm ix>iNdfõ wdrïNl WmdOHdhka jykafia,d fj;s'
1' fnkaf;dg jkjdis úydrdêm;s .Kdpdßh fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais iajdñJøhka jykafia"
2' Y%s chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s u,s.iafma O¾ulS¾;s Y%s ux.,dNsOdk fld<U" kj fldr<fha iy kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl iajdñJøhka jykafia"
3' uy wre.af.dv Y%s bkaoirdrdudêm;s mdkÿf¾ iqux., iajdñJøhka jykafia"
4' mdkÿf¾ .,af.dv Y%s uyd úydrdêm;s mems<shdfka Ys,jxY iajdñJøhka jykafia"
5' r;au,dfka mruOïufÉ;shdrdudêm;s j,dfka Y%S isoaOd¾: iajdñJøhka jykafia
1' .Kdpd¾h fnkaf;dg wF:oiais uydiajdñJøhka jykafia
fldaÜfÜ Y%s l,HdKs idu.S%O¾u uydix>iNdj msysgqùfuys ,d mqfrda.dñ fufyjr bgqlrkq ,enqfha fnkaf;dg jkjdi úydrdêm;s jQ ;;ald,Sk hq.fha jevisá O¾uOr, úkhOr nyqY%e; m`äjrfhl= jQ fnkaf;dg wF:oiais uyd h;sjrhdKka úisks. Wkajykafia jevisá fnkaf;dg úydrh yd ;okqnoaê; jkjdi úydrhg l%s'mq' 3 jk ishji olajd wE;g Èfjk b;sydihla ;sfí' wkqrmqr fmdf<dkakre oUfoKs hq.j,ska miq fldaÜfÜ hq.fha ikafoaY lD;sj, tk jkjdi úydrh ms<sn`oj igyka lsysmhla fufiah'
t; oo ro t.=jkππππππππππππππjkjdihg
w`ÿr remqr jka i`.jkππππππππππππjdihg
f.diska f;diska fnkaf;dgππjdkjdihg
jÿñ;=ß`ÿ / Èk jkπππππππππππππππjdihg
πππππππππππππππππππππππππππ^mrú ikafoaYh&
mskwdih is;a jvñka fkdmgq πππfldg
mekwdih fio f.diarï ysh πππf,ig
jkjdih njfhys fkdwkqjππππf;dmg
jkjdih fjfyfrys j`ÿj ππππππuqks`ÿg
πππππππππππππππππππππ^fldjq,a ikafoaYh&
15 jk ishjfia isg jkjdi úydrfha myka ksúf.dia ;sì h<s;a wdf,dalh ,nkafka je,súg wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdchka jykafiaf.a Wodr Ydiksl O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajdj, m%;sM, ksidh'
l%s'j' 1753 § kej; Wmiïmodj msysgqùu ksid uq`M Èjhsku nqoaOd,ïnk m%s;sfhka we<,s .sfhah' tu wjqreoafoa fojk Wmiïmod jdrfhaÈ ix>rdc ysñhkaf.a oCIsK ,xldfõ m%Odk YsIHjrhd jQ ol=Kq inr.uq fom<d; we;=`M my;rg m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh ±re fõye,af,a OïuÈkak fyrKmdfKda Wmiïmodj ,enqy' ta jkúg Wkajykafia 44 yeúßÈ úfha miq jQy' Wkajykafia meúoao ,enqfha ;siaiuydrdu úydrfha§h. Wkajykafia iu`. Wmiïmodj ,enQ idufKarjreka w;r jej bkaoidr ysñfhda o jQy' fï fofokd jykafiau irKxlr ix>rdchka jykafia .=re ;k;=frys ;nd f.k Wmiïmodj ,enQy' ix>rdc ysñfhda jej bkaoidr ysñhkaj fõye,af,a OïuÈkak iajdóka jykafiaf.a YsIH njg m;a l< w;r Wkajykafia ud;r ys;a;eáfha úydria:dkh flaJø lr.ksñka lrf.dv Whkaf.dv úydria:dk lsysmhl o ud;r mrf.dv úydria:dkfha;a wêm;Hh ±rEy'
jej bkaoidr ysñhkaf.a m%n, YsIH r;akhla jqfha mrf.dv úydrfha jevisá fndaêu`Mfõ mßY+oaO iajdñJøhka jykafiah' fnkaf;dg jkjdi úydrh kej; fidhd.kq ,enqfha Wkajykafia h. j¾;udk hq.fha wdrïNlhdKka jQ Wkajykafia fnkaf;dg .,md; úydrfha § l%s'j' 1815 § wmj;a jQy' wk;=rej jkjdi úydrfha wdêm;Hhg m;ajQfha Wkajykafiaf.a YsIH j,m, .=Kr;ak iajdñJøhka h' j,m, .=Kr;k iajdñJøhkaf.a YsIH fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.ka wdrïN jk f;jeks hq.h jkjdi úydr b;sydifha Èma;su;a hq.hla iksgqyka fõ'
O¾u Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkh
fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais ysñfhda iqm%isoaO m`äjrfhl= jq lrf;dg Oïudrdu iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.ka bf.kqu ,enQ wjidk YsIH jrhdfKda h' je,súg wirK irKxlr ix>rdchka jykafiaf.a YsIH w;a;r.u rdc.=re nKavdr fuu mrmqf¾ wdrïNlhdh' ud;r fjfyr.ïmsg lrf;dg Oïudrdu ysñfhda jevisáhy ^l%s.j. 1737 isg 1827&' w;a:oiais ysñfhda md,s, ixialD;, isxy,, whq¾fõoh, kCI;%h ms<sn`oj m%dudKsl úhf;la jQy' lrf;dg Oïudrdu udysñhka fj;ska O¾u Ydia;% W.;a fnkaf;dg wF:oiais udysñfhda o ish mrmqf¾ §ma;sh bÈßhg f.k.shy' W.f;l= jYfhka uy;a m%isoaêhla we;sj isá uqkajykafia iajlSh úydria:dkh jk fnka;r jkjdi úydrfhys mKaä;r;ak kñka msßfjKla wrUd b.ekaùï l<y'
fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais iajdóJøhka msysgqjdÆ fnkaf;dg Ydia;%d,fhys b.ekajQ úIhhka f,i ;%smsgl O¾uh, f.dúlu, úhrK, N+ñYdia;%h ^forK i;r& isxy, ^t`Mj& l:dlrk bx.%Sis, .Ks; i;r ^kCI;%h&, lúisf,daj ^ljH ks¾udK& wdosh i`oyka h' úfoHdaoh úoHd,xldr msßfjka ìys ù Èjhsk mqrd msßfjka we;s ùu;a iu`. fuu wdh;kh jeis .sfhah'
O¾u Ydia;%Sh jdo újdo
fuu hq.h úúO wd.ñl Ydia;%Sh jdo újdo mej;s ld,mßÉfPaohla úh' O¾u Ydia;%Sh nyqY%e; nj ksid fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais ysñfhda fuu jdo újdoj,g fhduq jQy' idx>sljdoh" nqoaOj¾Ijdoh" wêudijdoh, iSudjdoh" wdÈh ta w;r m%Odk fõ' l%s'j' 1855 oS fldaÜfÜ Y%s l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdj we;s ùug wêudijdoh fya;= jQ nj uq,ska i`oyka úh' fuu jdoj, ch mrdch flfia fj;;a fndfyda O¾u Ydia;%Sh lreKq wkdjrKh ùu jeo.;a úh'
l%sia;shdks ñIkdß jdoújdo
19 jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha ,xldfõ we;s jk fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhg ñIkdÍ iud.ï Èjhsfka wd.ñl lghq;= m%pdrKfha kshqla;s ùu m%n,j n,mEfõh' fuu ñIkdÍ jHdmdrj,g úreoaOj we;sjQ fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha wêrdcH úfrdaë cd;sl ke`.Sï we;slsÍfï wruqK o ;snqfKah' 1884 noafoa.u jdoh, 1866 Woïúg jdoh" 1971 .ïfmd, jdoh" 1973 mdkÿrd jdoh wd§ jdo fuu fCIa;%fha we;s jQ m%n, isoaëka f,i jd¾;d fõ'
fuu úIh fCIa;%fha§ fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdókaøhka jykafiaf.a ld¾hNdrh b;du;a iqúfYaIS nj fnkaf;dg wF:oiais ysñhkaf.a l%sia;shdks m%{ma;shg ms<s;=rla iy l%sia;shdks m%{ma;sh hk merKs lD;sh uqøKh lrñka tys m%ia;djkdfõ§ .Kkd: Tfífialr i`oyka lrkafka fufiah' funÿ újdo ´,kao iufha mj;skakg we;;a ta i`oyd idCIs wm i;=j ke;' f.d.¾,s mQcl;=ud wJ:oiais ysñhka w;r ,xldfõ isÿ jQ l%sia;shdks fn!oaO újdoh uq,au jd¾;d.;j we;s újdohhs' iuyr úg wJ:oiais ysñhkaf.a fuu újdo wdrCId lereKq lD;s l%sia;shdks wd.u iïnJOfhka fn!oaO m`äjrfhl= úiska isÿflreKq m%:u yd l%udkql+," f,dalfhau isÿ ù we;s uq,au úfõpkh fuh hehs wkqudk l< yelsh'
fuu .%ka:fhaÈ foúhka ueùu,wdKavq lsßu, mõ iudlsßu, foúhka jykafiaf.ka CIudj ,nd iodld,sl iaj¾.hg hdu wdÈ lreKq ms<sn`oj ksldhd.; lreKq olajñka f.d.¾,s msh;=udf.a l%sia;shdks m%{ma;shg ms<s;=re imhd ;sfí' tneúka 19 jk ishjfia w.Nd.fha ,xldfõ we;s jQ fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha wdrïNl iajdñJøhka jykafia kula yeáhg Wkajykafiag b;sydifha m%n, ;ekla ysñ fõ' tl, jdo újdo we;s úug fmr Wkajykafia fuu fCIa;%fha fhdaO ld¾hNd¾hla bgqlr ;sfí'
fnkaf;dg wF:oiais udysñmdKkaf.a iudkdpd¾hl iajdñkaJøhka jykafia miakula fnka;r l`M;r, mhd.,, u;=.u hk m%foaYj, Ydiksl cd;sl fufyjfrys Wiia whqßka fhÈ isáhy'
1' fldiaj;af;a OïurlaÅ; iajdóJøhka jykafia ^fnkaf;dg .,amd; úydrh&
2' r;auf,a fcd;smd, iajdóJøhka jykafia ^uf,af.dv Y%s mqIamdrdu úydrh&
3' ynrlv úmiais iajdóJøhka jykafia ^uf,af.dv Y%s mqIamdrdu úydrh&
4' mskak¥fõ úmiais iajdóJøhka jykafia ^mdka;sh Y%s uyd úydrh&
fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a ld¾hnyq, csú;h ;=< fnkaf;dg O¾u Ydia;%d,h fukau fmdfydh f.h" úydrf.h yd ffp;Hh o ks¾udKh úh' fnkaf;dg Wvfldgqj mqrdK fndaê ióm úydrh Wkajykafiaf.a úfõlS ia:dkh f,i bÈúh. l%s'j' 1859 § wNhfldaka uqo,s;=uka úiska we,nv jia wdrduh Wkajykafiag cQcd lrk ,os'
YsIH msßi
1' hd;%duq,af,a Oïudrdu iajdóJøhka jykafia
2' fmd;=ú, bkaofcda;s iajdóJøhka jykafia
3' udje,af,a Oïudkkao iajdóJøhka jykafia
4' fndamsáfha iS,jxi iajdóJøhka jykafia
5' fldaïu, bkaoidr iajdóJøhka jykafia
fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdóJøhka jykafia Ydiksl yd cd;sl jYfhka hq. fufyjrl ksr; jq h;sjrhdKka kula jQy. Wkajykafia l%s'j' 1868 § wmj;a ù jod<y' fnkaf;dg ,lr .%ka:fha Wkajykafiaf.a wmj;a ùu i`oyka l< moH lsysmhla fufiah'
keKska iqr.=rd jka rE isßka mkaπππππππierd
msß mqrord jka ;=,a f;Èkaππππππππππππndiqrd
;s,sks iqr;=rd jka i;a.=fKkaππππππππuõhqrd
fu h;s ;=u jrdhka fndaif;la uehsππππodrd
w`Ml, ijKla /iafkla iska hq;aπππππππ.f;ys
foiq wm Èhkd imõ uq,ska nqkaf,iskaππππππis;a
iqksu, i`oyï is;a jq mßoafokaπππππππππW.;a jq
uh;s;=u krka f,õys iem;a foõπππ.=frlauehs
iqmjr f;j,d oï uqo f;diakd ish,aππππππππππππππππi;a
keKu;s k<,d is;af;a W;=ï fïπππππππππππππππππu;skao
f.k re; wu fohs ks;af;ka f,jka fukaπππππohdfjka
tneúka flf,iska fï we;a ú,iafklaπππππππππlshïfoda
2' fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s u,s.iafma Y%S O¾ulS¾;s ux.,dNsOdk fld<U kj fldar<fha yd kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl iajdóJøhka jykafia
wm uyd ix>iNdj msysgqùfï § uQ,sl;ajh .;a u,s.iafma ux., kdysñfhda fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s moúh ±rEy. ,xld b;sydifha iïNdjH hq.fha wjidk jeo.;a rdcH ld,h fldaÜfÜ yhjk merl=ïnd rdcH iuhhs ^1442 isg 1467&' yhjk merl=ïndjkaf.a urKh;a mD;=.Sis wd.ukh;a w;r wvishjfia § Ydikh jy jyd msßysS .sfhah. yhjk mrl=ïnd rc;=ud fldaÜfÜ w.k.rfha ix>drdu lsysmhla bÈl< w;r m%Odk ix>drduh jQfha fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrhhs' y;ajeks nqjfklnd rcH ld,h jk úg ^1521 isg 1560& fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrh úkdYhg m;a úh. mD;=.Siska úiska úúO wjia:dj, fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh fld,a,lk ,È' mD;=.Siskaf.a n,h;a lf;da,sl ñIkdßkaf.a wdêm;Hh;a fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha ;yjqre úh' nq'j' 1551 isg 1567 olajd rclrk O¾umd, rcq lf;da,sl wd.u je<`o.ekSu;a iu`. NslaIQka jykafia,d iS;djlg;a uykqjrg;a ixl%uKh jQy' fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrh lf;da,sl ñIkdßkag ysñúh. wk;=rej fuu rdcuyd úydrh j,aìysjkakg úh'
fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrh ms<sn`o kQ;k mqk¾csjfha mqfrda.dñ h;sjrhdKka jykafia .d,af,a mrf.dv úydrfha jevisá ms,dfka nqoaOrCÅ; iajdóJøhka jykafiah. Wkajykafiaf.a .=rejrhd jQfha mrf.dv úydrfha jev isá fndaêu¨fõ mßY=oaO iajdñJøhka jykafiah' fnkaf;dg jkjdi úydrfha kQ;k hq.fha wdrïNl h;sjrhdKka jqfhao fndaêu`Mfõ mßY+oaO ysñfhdah' fuu úydr mrmqr {d;s úydr mrmqrlska ìysjk nj meyeÈ,sh. fndaêu`Mfõ mßY=oaO iajdñJøhkaf.ka miqfnkaf;dg jkjdi úydrfha wdêm;Hg Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHjrfhl= jQ j,m, .=Kr;k ysñfhda m;afj;s'
l%s'j' 1813 § muK ms,dfka nqoaOrCÅ; ysñfhda fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrfhys .rd jegqKq f.dvke.s,s .,alKq wdÈh .fõIKh lrñka fuu ia:dkfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= wrU;s. ,e.=ï f.h" úydr l¾udka;h" od.en wdÈh m%;sixialrK l<y' fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr ia:dkfha úydrf.h ;=< ;sfnk úlafgdaßhd /cskf.a rEmh fuu m%;sixialrK ì%;dkH hg;a úcs; hq.fha isÿ jQ njg idCIshls' l%s'j' 1829 wf.daia;= 25 jeksod ms,dfka nqoaOrCÅ; iajdóJøhka jykafiag ì%;dkH wdKavqldr tâjâ ndkaia úiska fld<U kjf;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh msßkud ;sfí' l%s'j' 1831 § ms,dfka nqoaOrCÅ; kdysñfhda wmj;a jQy'
ms,fka uysñhkaf.ka miq l%s'j' 1831 isg 1872 olajd fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;Ska jykafia jQ fld<U kj fldr<fha yd kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh fynjQ O¾ulS¾;s Y%S u,s.iafma ux.,dNsOdk kdysñfhda l%s'j' 1855 § 1832 ie;a;eïn¾ 21 Èk ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd Wkajykafiag fld<U kj fldar<fha yd kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh ms<sn`oj wla;%m;%h msßkeóh'
fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s u,s.iafma ux.,dNsOdk kdhl iajdóJøhka jykafia fuu hq.fha jevisá jHla; m%;sn, iïmkak lS¾;su;a h;sjrhdKka kul jQy' .sys meúÈ úYd, msßila Wkajykafia wkq.ukh l<dla fukau f.!rj iïm%hqla; nyqudkfhka iïNdjkd l<y'
fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrh 19 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha tu m%foaYfha ;snqKq tlu úydria:dkh úh. úoHd,xldr uyd msßfjk msysgjq r;aud,dfka Oïudf,dal kdhl iajdñJøhka jykafia l%s'j' 1837 § r;aud,dfka mqrdK úydrfhaÈ wvqfma fidaKq;a;r iajdñøhka jykafiaf.a wdpd¾h;ajfhka meúÈ ù idufKarhka jykafia flfkl= fia m%:ufhkau nK oyï bf.kSug md ;enqfõ fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrhg nj iómd;s;fha fn!oaOdpd¾hfha lD;sfha i`oyka fõ'
fï ld,fhaÈ fld<U m<df;a ;snqKq tlu fnDoaO úoHdia:dkh fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydria:dkh úh. u,s.iafia ux.,dNsOdk fld<U úoHdia:dkfha kdhl ia:úr;=ud úh. wdpd¾hjrhdKka jQy' jeämqr bf.kqu ,nkq leu;s Oïudf,dal f;rKf;fï o fuu ia:dkhg muqKqjd ux., kdhl ia:úr;=udg Ndrfok ,È' mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjfka o kdysñfhda wdpd¾h moúh ±rEy'
l%s'j' my;rg Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh lsÍfï § uykqjr mqIamdrdu úydria: ldrl ix>Ndfjka NsCIQka jevujd .; hq;= nj ;SrKh ù tu j.lSï mejrefka u,s.iafia kdhl iajdóJøhka jykafiagh. Wkajykafia f.!rjkSh f,i yd iodpdrj;a f,i tu lghq;= isÿlsÍug lghq;= bgql<y'
ta ms<sn`o úia;r ,nq.u ,xldkkao udysñmdKka rÑ; ‘chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ ix>iNdj’ hk lD;sfhka n,d .ekSug mq`Mjk. u,s.iafma kdhl iajdñJøhka jykafia ixhufhka {dkjka;j yd tä;rj lghq;= l< nj thska meyeÈ,s fõ'
meúÈ YsIH msßi
O¾ulS¾;s Y%S u,s.iafma ux.,dNsOdk kdhl iajdñJøhka jykafiag meúÈ YsIHhka tl;= úiails'
lsßj;a;=vqfõ f¾j;, .fKa.u wur" n;a;ruq,af,a iqN+;s" fldf<dkakdfõ isoaOd¾:" weUq,a.u úu,;siai" iqUqgdfka mshoiais" ;,x.u f;reka jykafia" c,a;r idrdkkao" l`Mfndaú, iquk" uq,af,aßhdfõ iqkkao" ys`.=,aj, cskr;k" udÈfj, r;kfcda;s" noafoa.u irKxlr, ly;=vqfõ {dkkao" fldaÜfÜ m[a[d;siai" noafoa.u ërdkkao" ynrd¥fõ Oïur;k" n;a;ruq,af,a úu,idr" n;a;ruq,af,a Wm;siai hkqfjk'fï w;=ßka ys`.=,aj, cskr;k iajdóJøhka jykafia fldaÜfÜ merl=ïnd msßfjK wdrïN l<y. l%s.j.1872 § u,s.iafma kdysñfhda wmj;a ù jod<y'
3' uy wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdudêm;s mdkÿf¾ iqux., udysñ
uy wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdudêm;sj jev úiQ mdkÿf¾ iqux., udysñfhka wm ix>iNdfõ wdrïNl uyf;reka w;f¾ f;jeks ;eka ,n;' uyd wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdu úydr i`. mrmqf¾ iïnkaO j¾;udk Ydiksl wNsjDoaêfha moku ilikq ,enqfha msKavmd;sl wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdchka jykafiah'
Wkajykafia wdrïN l< uykqjr kshulkafoa Ydia;%Yd,djg ud;r m%foaYfha isg foys.iafma wF:oiais idufKarhka jykafia jevu l<y'
foys.iafma wF:oiais ku o je,súg irKxlr ix>rdchdKka jykafia u .=re ;k;=frys ;nd Wmiïmodj ,enQy. ;u YsIHhka jykafia ms<sn`o Wkajykafiaf.a .=K kqjK lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=udg o i`.rc ysñfhda ±kajQy' lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud le<Ks rcuyd úydrh m%;sixialrKh lsÍug foys.iafma wF:oiais ysñhkaj le<Kshg tùh' le,Ksh m%;sixialrK lghq;= isÿfldg YsIH kulg lghq;= mjrd Wkajykafia h<s uykqjrg jeähy' t;=udf.a ld¾hY+rFjh jgyd .;a rc;=ud rejkaje,s iEh bÈßmsg kgUqkaj ;snQ úydrhla m%;sixialrKhg h<s;a foys.iafma wF:oiais ysñhkaj wkqrdOmqrhg hejQy' tu lghq;= ksujd meñKs foys.iafma wF:oiais ysñhkag rc;=ud oUfoKs wdikakfha ;snQ uq;=., úydrh Ndr ÿkafkah' fuu ia:dkfha jev isáoaÈ foys.iafma wF:oiais ysñfhda T.a.uqfõ OïurCÅ; kñka YsIHfhl= meúÈ Wmiïmod l<y'
T.a.uqfõ f;rekaf.a YsIHhd jE;a;Efõ bkaoidr ysñfhdah. Wkajykafia ;u .=re mrmqf¾ w;S; f;dr;=re wkqj le<Ks úydrhg jevu fldg uqyqÿ nv m%foaY krUñka mdkÿrhg jevu l<y' mdkÿrfha § ioaOdiïmkak wre.af.dv odhl msßila Wkajykafiaf.ka f;dr;=re úuid úydria:dkhla ;kjd fok nj fmdfrdkaÿ ù wre.af.dvg jevujdf.k .shy' Wkajykafia wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdu úydria:dkh m%;sIaGdmkh lf<a l%s'j'1806 §h'
jE;a;Efõ bJoidr ysñfhda Ñ;% l,dfjys yd m%;sud Ys,amfhys oCIfhl= jQy' fuu úydria:dkfhys m%;sudj fk,d we;af;a t;=udfKdah. r;akmqf¾ keÿka úydr m%;sudjo Wkajykafiaf.a h'
YsIH msßi
1' mdkÿf¾ iqux., ysñ'
2' fnka;r .=Kr;k ysñ'
3' uiaú, ix>rCÅ; ysñ'
4' wïn,xf.dv fïOxlr ysñ'
5' f.daK¥fõ fidaNs; ysñ'
6' fld<U mshr;k ysñ'
4' mdkÿf¾ Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s mems<shdfka iS,jxY udysñ
wm uyd ix>iNdj msysgqùfuys mqfrda.dó jQ uyf;rjreka w;r isõjk ia:dkh mems<shdfka YS,jxY udysñfhda ,n;s. Wkajykafia .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s jQy' Wka jykafiaf.a mrïmrd iïnkaOh .sks.;amsáfha ix>rlaÅ; kdysñhka lrd Èjhhs' tu ix>rCÅ; ysñ je,súg wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdc ysñhkaf.a f;jeks YsIHjrhd h' je,súg irKxlr iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.a is,aj;a iud.fï idudcslfhl= jQ Wkajykafia uykqjr kshulkafoa Ydia;%d,fha .=rejrfhl= f,i bf.kqï b.ekaùï lghq;=j, ksr; jQy' uq,§ §mxlr hk ku Ndú; l< Wkajykafia Wmiïmodfõ§ ix>rlaÅ; hk ku fhdod .;a njg wkqudk flf¾' Wmiïmodj ,nk úg Wkajykafia 45 jk úfha miqjqy t;=fuda my< fodf<dia m;a;=fõ m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh biqÆy'
Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHfhl= jQ uÿrdj, OïuÈkak ysñfhda l%s'j' 1818 § muK Ydiksl fiajd i`oyd my;rg m%foaYhg iem;a jQy'
uÿrdj, OïuÈkak ysñfhda fudrgqj tf.dvWhfka csfkaJø ffp;Hdrduh msysá ia:dkfha wdjdi .Dyhl jia jeiQy' fodU.yj;a; kï jQ fuu bvu l%s'j' 1827 § mQcd Tmamqjlska mqcd lr ;sfí. uÿrdj, ysñfhda fuu m%foaYfha úYd, Ydiksl m%fndaOhla we;s l<y. m%foaYfha ck;dj fn!oaOhka f,i tlai;a jQy'
1' ueÈudf,a f¾j; ysñ
2' kd.iamsáfha iqoiais ysñ
3' Wvq.ïfmd< fidaKq;a;r ysñ
hk f;rjre Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHfhda jQy. fï w;=ßka ueÈudf,a f¾j; ysñfhda uÿrdj, OïuÈkak kdysñhkaf.a wmj;a ùfuka wk;=re j tf.dvWhk Y%S csfkaø ffp;Hdrdufha úydrdêm;s ;k;=rg m;ajQy' ;u .=refoajhka jykafiaf.a Ydiksl lghq;= ÈhqKqjg m;a l< Wkajykafia m%foaYfha úydria:dk 10 lau msysg jqy' fuu úydria:dk 10 w;r .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydria:dkh o tlls'
ueÈudf,a f¾j; iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a meúÈ YsIHjrhka fodf<diaku w;r m%Odk YsIHhka jykafia,d jQfha mems<shdfka iS,jxY iajdñJøhka jykafia yd j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñhkah'
mems<shdfka YS,jxYdNsOdk kdysñmdKka jykafia mdkÿr uOHfha msysá .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydria:dkh we;=`M ;okqnoaO úydria:dk .Kkdjl wdêm;Hh ±rEy'
l%s'j' 1874 isg 1880 olajd fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdfõ w;sW;=ï uydkdhl moúh Wiq,k ,oafoa o mdkÿr .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s Y%S uydúydrjxYd,xldr WmdOHdh mems<shdfka iS,jxY uydiajdóka jykafia h. l%s'j' 1860 iema;eïn¾ 18 jk Èk Wkajykafia wmj;a jQy'
YsIH msßi
1' mems,shdfka iqjKaKfcda;s ysñ
2' r;akmsáfha irKmd, ysñ
3' fndr,eia.uqfõ Oïudrdu ysñ
5' r;aud,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh úydrdêm;s id¾jfN!u mKaä; j,dfka isoaOd¾: kdysñfhda
jd,dfka isoaOd¾: kdysñfhda wm ix>iNdfõ msysgqùfï § uq,a jQ uyf;reka w;r miajk ;ek ,n;s' Wkajykafia je,súg ix>rdc udysñf.a f;jeks YsIHhd jQ .sks.;amsáfha ix>rCÅ; kdysñ hkaf.a YsIH jQ uÿrdj, OïuÈkak iajdókaøhka jykafiaf.a YsIHjrfhl= jQy'
jd,dfka isoaOd¾: kdysñfhda l%s'j' 1811 ud¾;= udifha mdkÿr wdikakfha msysá j,dk .ï mshfia§ Wm; ,enQy' fuu l=urejd mqrdlD; mqKH Y;a;sfhka hqla; úh' .sâvj .=Kr;k iajdóJøhka jykafia tf.dvWhk csfkaJø ffp;Hdrdudêm;s uÿrdj, OïuÈkak kdysñhka uqK.eiSug uykqjr isg mdkÿr m%foaYhg jevujd j¾;udk j,dfka isoaOF:drdu úydrh msysá ia:dkfha ;snQ kd rel uq, wdjdihla ;kd f.k jev isáhy' fuu l=urejd ñ;a;Ksh iu`. fuu ia:dkhg meñfKkafka u,a mQcd lsÍugh' .sâvj .=Kr;k ysñhka y;a;EúßÈ úfha§ fuu l=urejd Ndrf.k nK oyï wdÈh b.ekaúh' wk;=rej mdkÿr uyd wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdu uyd úydria:dkfhaÈ ueÈudf,a f¾j; isjdñkaøhka jykafiaf.a wdpd¾hFjfhka l%s'j' 1823 § meúÈ njg m;aúh'
Wmiïmodj i`oyd W.;ukd nK oyï ueÈudf,a f¾j;, .sâvj .=Kr;k iajdñJøhka jykafia,d weiqfrka imsre isoaOd¾: idufKarhka jykafia l%s'j' 1831 § u,aj;= úydrfhaÈ wêYs, ixLHd; Wmiïmodj ,enQy. .,a.sßhdfõ isß OïurCÅ; iqux.,dNsOdk uydkdysñfhda WmdOHdh jQy' wdpd¾hhka jykafia jQfha ueÈudf,a f¾j; iajdñJøhka jykafiah'
Wmiïmodfjka miq j,dfka isoaOd¾: iajdñJøhka jykafia bf.kSu i`oyd m%isoaO úoajf;l= jq me,auvq,af,a jevisá .d,af,a fïOxlr iajdñJøhka <`.g .shy' Wkajykafia iqm%isoaO lrf;dg O¾udrdu iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.a YsIHjrfhls' .d,af,a fïOxlr yduqÿrejka jykafia yÈisfhau wmj;a jQ ksid j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñfhda wdmiq j,dkg meñKshy' tfy;a h,s;a b`ÿrefõ iqux., iajdñJøhka jykafia yd me,auvq,a,g f.dia ffO¾hj;a j bf.kSï lghq;= j, kshqla; jQy l%s'j' 1838 § wOHdmk lghq;= ksujd j,dfka isoaOF:drduhg jevu jqy'
YsIH csú;fha § u O¾u Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkh ms<sn`o ;snQ wdYdj j,dfka isoaOF: iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.a pß;fha iqúfYaIs .=Kdx.hls' O¾u Ydia;%Sh ms<sn`o m%udKsl ±kqu ,nkafkao tn`ÿ mqoa.,hka h' wOHdmk lghq;= wjika fldg j,dfka ;u úydria:dkhg meñK ;reK isoaOF: iajdñJøhka jykafia wkq.ukh l< m%Odk m%;sm;a;s fïjdh'
1' ;uka jykafiaf.a meúos Wmiïmod wdpd¾h iajdóka jykafia,dg wjk;j lghq;= lsßu'
2' m%foaYjdiSka .sys meúÈ msßig O¾u Ydia;% b.ekaùu wrïN lsÍu'
3' O¾udkqYdikd meje;aùug Wkkaÿ ùu'
4' mqia;ld,hla we;s lsÍug fmd;am;a tl;= lsßu yd ,sùu'
fuu lghq;= ksid iïNdjkSh .sys meúÈ msßila Wkajykafia hgfla wOHdmkh ,enQy' ta msßi w;r fn,a,kaú, fndaêiñm úydrdêm;sj jev isá Wvq.ïfmd, r;kmd, ia:úr" noafo.u irKxlr uydia:úr" fõryer fidaNs; uydia:úr" udf,ajk fidaNs; ia:úr" ;,ka.u uydia:úr" me,am, uydia:úr, .fKaf.dv uydia:úr" je,slege,af,a uydia:úr" fldaodf.v uydia:úr hk h;sjrhdKka jykafia,d o fodka wkaøsia o is,ajd ngqjka;=vdfõ m`ä;=ud o jQy'
fuu msßi foi ne,sfuka j,dfka iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.a O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajdj Èjhsk mqrd jHdma; jQ nj meyeÈ,sh'
j,dfka isoaOF: iajdñøhka jykafiaf.a O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajdj jvd;a Y;a;su;aj ixúOdkd;aul meje;aúfï wjYH;djh u;=úh. r;au,dfka mÈxÑj isá fodka mqfrd,sia f,alï we;=`M msßi Wkajykafia wNsu;h mßÈ l%s'j' 1849 § r;au,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjK bÈlrjd mQcd lsÍu Èjhsfka O¾u Ydia;%Sh fukau msßfjka b;sydifha;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,fla' j,dfka isoaOF: ysñfhda fuu ia:dkh ks;H fkajdisl ia:dkh f,i m;a;rf.k ;u O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajdj wLKavj isÿ l<y' fld<U msgfldgqfõ mÈxÑ chiQßh wdrÉÑf.a f;fodaksia fmf¾rd wmamqydñ, fodka ms,sma o is,ajd, wEmd wmamqydñ wd§yq Wkajykafiaf.a lghq;=j,g Wmldr l<y'
l%s'j' 1873 § fld<U ud,s.dlkafoa úfoHdaoh msßfjK wdrïN l< mKaä; YsfrduKs yslalvqfõ iqux., kdysñfhda yd l%s'j' 1875 § mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr msßfjK msysgqjd r;aud,fka Oïudf,dal kdysñfhda mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjfka YsIHfhda jQy' fuu msßfjka foflka O¾u Ydia;%sh fiajdjg jq fufyh j,dfka iajdóJøhka jykafia fiajdj we.hSug m%udKj;a h'
fuu W.;=kag wu;rj uykqjr m%dÑk mqia;ld,h Ndrj isá iQßhf.dv fidaKq;a;r uydia:úr, Wvq.u fidakq;a;r uydia:úr, ys`.=,aj, cskr;k uyd ia:úr" fldgqfõf.dv [Kdkkao uydia:úr" ueo.u f¾j; ia:úr wdÈ W.;a h;sjrhdKka jykafia,d;a fudrgqfõ isßÈfhia is,ajd .=re;=udf.a jdoaÿfõ fodka yrudksia iurisxy lúr;ak ffjoH;=ud wdÈyq o j,dfka isoaOF: iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a .sys meúÈ YsIHjrfhda h'
fuu W.;=kag wu;rj uykqjr m%dÑk mqia;ld,h Ndrj isá iQßhf.dv fidaKq;a;r uydia:úr, Wvq.u fidakq;a;r uydia:úr, ys`.=,aj, cskr;k uyd ia:úr" fldgqfõf.dv [Kdkkao uydia:úr" ueo.u f¾j; ia:úr wdÈ W.;a h;sjrhdKka jykafia,d;a fudrgqfõ isßÈfhia is,ajd .=re;=udf.a jdoaÿfõ fodka yrudksia iurisxy lúr;ak ffjoH;=ud wdÈyq o j,dfka isoaOF: iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a .sys meúÈ YsIHjrfhda h'
fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdóJøka jykafia úiska rÑ; “l%sia;shdks m%{ma;sh hk lD;sh ixialrK lrñka uydpd¾h .Kkd: Tfífialr l%s'j' 1855 § fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdñJøhka jykafia iu`. tlaj l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdj msysgq jQ w;r my;rg NsCIQka jykafia,d úma,jldß woyia ±re iajdóka jykafia,d nj i`oyka lrhs' ;jÿrg;a t;=ud j,dfka isoaOF: iajdñka jykafia ms<sn`o fufia i`oyka lrhs' r;aud,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh úydrdêm;s j,dfka isoaOF: ysñfhda wêudi jdofha m%Odk úreoaOjdÈfhl= jQ m%lg m`äjrfhl= jq yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñhkaf.a wdpd¾hjrhd jQy'
1968 § me,auvq,af,a iqo¾Yk O¾uYd,d uKavmfha § meje;a jQ ;%smsgl .%ka: Y+oaêh i`oyd j,dfka kdysñhkaj boaou,af.dv rfÜ uka;%sjrhd we,swe;=ka iys; uyd fmryerlska jevujdf.k .sfhah'
uqkajykafiaf.a wNsudkj;a fm!reIh ms<sn`o ,lañKs myK l¾;D weï'O¾ur;ak uy;d ishï ksldh kï ;u lD;sfha fufia i`oyka lrhs' uqkajykafia muK kshu mqreI ,CIKfhka iïmQ¾K jQ Y%uK rdcfhla wjqreÿ ish .Kklska ,xld N+ñfha we;s fkdúh' wiQkula NsCIQka msßjrd hï iNdjl jev bkakd l,ays wiQ uydiõjkaf.ka mßjD; jQ uyd idßmq;% ia:úrhka jykafia foda fydahs iel WmÈ' Wkajykafiaf.a nqoaê uysuh rEm iïm;a;shg fkdfojks h' bf.kqï b.ekaúu lghq;= j, ;snQ úpCIK nj wisßu;a iQodkïj ixúOdkd;aulj ù¾hfhka fiajd bgq l<y' isiqkaf.a oCI;d fkdmels,sj w.h l<y'
YsIH msßi
1' foysmsáfha ix>rCÅ; f;reka jykafia
2' j,dfka idrdkkao f;reka jykafia
3' r;au,dfka iquk;siai f;reka jykafia
4' md,d.u nqoaOrCÅ; f;reka jykafia
5' nÿr,sfha ërdkkao f;reka jykafia
6' mdkÿf¾ fÄudkkao f;reka jykafia
7' ;shUrdfyafka úu,;siai f;reka jykafia
8' r;au,dfka úmq,;siai f;reka jykafia
9' yeä.u m[a[dkkao f;reka jykafia
10' j,dfka Oïudkkao f;reka jykafia
11' f.dä.uqfõ irK;siai f;reka jykafia
12' fldlaldúg ix>;siai f;reka jykafia
13' fld,a¨msáfha iqkkao f;reka jykafia
14' wre.af.dv iS,dkkao f;reka jykafia
Èjhsfka nqoaO Ydikh msysgqjd wjqreÿ 2328 muK ld,hla .;ù ;sfí. wkqrdOmqr, fmdf<dkakrej, oUfoKsh, hdmyqj, l=reKE.,, .ïfmd,, fldaÜfÜ, lkao Wvrg wd§ jYfhka hq. .Kkdjla .; ù we;' uydúydrh, wNh.sßh, fca;jkh, ;siai uydúydrh wd§ uQ,ia:dk flaJø lrf.k wkqrdOmqr hq.fha fndfyda úydrdu ;snQ nj jxYl:d, wÜGl:d we;=¿ idys;H uQ,dY%h, n%yau wNsf,aLk yd fi,a,sms we;=¿ mqrdúoHd;aul idOlj,skq;a ikd: fõ' fmdf<dkakre hq.fha iqm;, wIaguQ,dh;k ;snqfKa h. oUfoKs hdmyq uOHld,Sk hq.h jk úg “.K” jYfhka ixúOdkh úh' l%s'j' 1472 fldaÜfÜ yh jk mrdl%uNdyq rc;=ud f;la jQ iïNdjH ft;sydisl hq.fha§ foaYmd,k tlai;alu;a rdcH wkq.%yh;a m%;sn, iïmkak NsCIQka jykafia,df.a kdhl;ajh;a m%N+ yd fmdÿ ck;djf.a wkq.%yh;a ksid Ydiksl ÈhqKqj we;s úh'
16 jk ishjfia ,xldfõ foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh ÿ¾j, ùu;a mD;=.Sis ,kafoais bx.%Sis hg;aúcs;jd§ka jQ ksid;a, m<uqjk rdcisxy rc;=ud jeks rcjrekaf.a lghq;= ksid;a nqoaOYdikh msßySug m;aùu;a, tneúka Wmiïmod NsCIQka wfydaisùu;a .Kskajykafia,d Ydiksl lghq;=j, ksr; ùu;a olakg ,enqKs' flfia fj;;a fjfyr úydr wdrCId lr.ekSug yd O¾u .%ka: /l.ekSu wd§ l¾hj, ksr; fjñka .Kskajykafia,d ft;sydisl fufyjrla nqoaOYdikh fjkqfjka bgq l<y'
fï w`ÿre hq.fha my< jqKq je,súg irKxlr iajdóJøhka jykafia kQ;k Ydiksl, wOHdmksl, Ydia;%Sh, ixialD;sl fCIa;%fha ks¾ud;DjrhdfKdah. 1698 cqks 19 jeksod je,súg § l=,;=x. mrmqf¾ t;=ud cks; úh' l%s'j' 1714 § fidf<dia yeúßÈ úfha§ iQßhf.dv úydrfha § iQßhf.dv úydf¾ f.or ls;aisßfujka rdciqkaor idufKarhka <`. meúÈ jQy. Ydiksl Wodr ye`.Sï we;sj Wkajykafia bf.kqï lghq;= l<y' is,aj;a iud.u msysg jQy. Ydiksl ms<sfj;a mqreÿ l<y' kshulkafoa we;s l< fkajdisl Ydia;%Yd,dfjka wkq.dñlhkag ±kqu ,nd ÿkay. fmd;am;a rpkd l<y fuu l%shd moaO;sfha úYaIag wjika m%;sM,h kï lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a iydh ,en ishï foaYhg ¥;hka jykafia,d msg;alr hjd Wmd,s iajdñJøhka jykafia m%Odk uyd ia:úrhka jykafia,d 21 kula jevujd l%s.j. 1753 cQ,s 19 id m<uqj ishï NsCIQka Wmiïmodjg m;alsÍuh' ,xld Ydikh ia:djr úh. fuu NsCIq jYfhka YHdfudamd,s jxYsl ishï uyd ksldh hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ. jd¾Isl WNh úydria:dkj, Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh isÿúh. ishï ksldh ia:djr jQfhah. fndfyda Wmiïmod NsCIqka jykafia,d my< jQy' Wkajykafia,d Wvrg, my;rg wd§ jYfhka Èjhsk mqrd jHdma; jQy'
ix>rdc udysñhka kej; Wmiïmodj msysgqjd ish jila .;jk l,ays fndafyda ±k W.;a NslaIQka jykafia,d jev isáhy. my;rg Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh msysgqùu isÿl< hq;= nj;a th YdikdNsjDoaêhg fya;=jk nj;a úúO ÿIalr;d u`.yrjd .eksug th bjy,a jk nj;a Wkajykafia, w;r idlÉPdjg Ndckh ù ;sfí' ta w;r my; ±lafjk lreKq úfYaI úh'
1' my;rg Wmiïmod úkh l¾u m%;sIaGdmkh l< hq;= nj"
2' my;rg Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh msysgqùu Ydiksl wNsjDoaêhg fya;=jk nj"
3' Wmiïmodj i`oyd uykqjr .uka lsßu buy;a ÿIalr;d we;slrk nj yd tu ÿIalr;d ÿre l< yels nj"
4' my;rg NslaIQka jykafia,d ms<sn`oj uykqjrg ;sfnkafka jeo.;a wdl,amhla fkdjk nj
5' u,aj;= wia.sß úydrj, wêm;sjdÈ nj"
6' wêudijdoh ms<sn`o jQ u;fNao
fï w;r l%s'j' 1855 uehs 27 jeksod fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais iajdóJøhka jykafia WmiïmodfmaCIlhka jykafiamd mif<dia kula iu`. uykqjr n,d msg;a jQy' Bg fmr 1855 uehs 19 jk Èk u,aj;= uydkdysñmdKka jQ mrl=Uqf¾ uydkdhl iajdñkaøhka jykafiag ,smshla fhduql< fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais ysñfhda “wfma is;a j, ;sfnk l,amkdj,a w;yeroud iudodkfhka wd.fï lghq;= lr .ekSfï wdksYxi l,amkd lr ;sfnk nj ie,l<y' tfy;a u,aj;= úydrfhaÈ wêudijdoh yd nqoaOj¾I jdoh idlÉPd úh. ksfõok ksl=;a úh' tlu Èk Wmiïmodj ,enQ ;u YsIH NsCIQka jykafia,d fokulf.a Wmiïmod iSÜgqj, tll nq'j' 2398 hkqfjka wksflys 2399 hkqfjka ÿgq fnka;r w;a:oiais kdysñfhda l,l mgkau my;rg Wmiïmod úkhl¾u msysgqùu ms<sn`o woyia iaÓr lr.;ay' 1855 fmdfidka ui fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrhg /iaj my; kï i`oyka iajdóJøhka jykafia,d l,HdKS idu.%SO¾u ix>iNdj m%;sIaGdmkh l<y' fuu uyf;reka jykafia,d mia kï wm ix>iNdfõ wdrïNl WmdOHdhka jykafia,d fj;s'
1' fnkaf;dg jkjdis úydrdêm;s .Kdpdßh fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais iajdñJøhka jykafia"
2' Y%s chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s u,s.iafma O¾ulS¾;s Y%s ux.,dNsOdk fld<U" kj fldr<fha iy kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl iajdñJøhka jykafia"
3' uy wre.af.dv Y%s bkaoirdrdudêm;s mdkÿf¾ iqux., iajdñJøhka jykafia"
4' mdkÿf¾ .,af.dv Y%s uyd úydrdêm;s mems<shdfka Ys,jxY iajdñJøhka jykafia"
5' r;au,dfka mruOïufÉ;shdrdudêm;s j,dfka Y%S isoaOd¾: iajdñJøhka jykafia
fldaÜfÜ Y%s l,HdKs idu.S%O¾u uydix>iNdj msysgqùfuys ,d mqfrda.dñ fufyjr bgqlrkq ,enqfha fnkaf;dg jkjdi úydrdêm;s jQ ;;ald,Sk hq.fha jevisá O¾uOr, úkhOr nyqY%e; m`äjrfhl= jQ fnkaf;dg wF:oiais uyd h;sjrhdKka úisks. Wkajykafia jevisá fnkaf;dg úydrh yd ;okqnoaê; jkjdi úydrhg l%s'mq' 3 jk ishji olajd wE;g Èfjk b;sydihla ;sfí' wkqrmqr fmdf<dkakre oUfoKs hq.j,ska miq fldaÜfÜ hq.fha ikafoaY lD;sj, tk jkjdi úydrh ms<sn`oj igyka lsysmhla fufiah'
t; oo ro t.=jkππππππππππππππjkjdihg
w`ÿr remqr jka i`.jkππππππππππππjdihg
f.diska f;diska fnkaf;dgππjdkjdihg
jÿñ;=ß`ÿ / Èk jkπππππππππππππππjdihg
πππππππππππππππππππππππππππ^mrú ikafoaYh&
mskwdih is;a jvñka fkdmgq πππfldg
mekwdih fio f.diarï ysh πππf,ig
jkjdih njfhys fkdwkqjππππf;dmg
jkjdih fjfyfrys j`ÿj ππππππuqks`ÿg
πππππππππππππππππππππ^fldjq,a ikafoaYh&
15 jk ishjfia isg jkjdi úydrfha myka ksúf.dia ;sì h<s;a wdf,dalh ,nkafka je,súg wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdchka jykafiaf.a Wodr Ydiksl O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajdj, m%;sM, ksidh'
l%s'j' 1753 § kej; Wmiïmodj msysgqùu ksid uq`M Èjhsku nqoaOd,ïnk m%s;sfhka we<,s .sfhah' tu wjqreoafoa fojk Wmiïmod jdrfhaÈ ix>rdc ysñhkaf.a oCIsK ,xldfõ m%Odk YsIHjrhd jQ ol=Kq inr.uq fom<d; we;=`M my;rg m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh ±re fõye,af,a OïuÈkak fyrKmdfKda Wmiïmodj ,enqy' ta jkúg Wkajykafia 44 yeúßÈ úfha miq jQy' Wkajykafia meúoao ,enqfha ;siaiuydrdu úydrfha§h. Wkajykafia iu`. Wmiïmodj ,enQ idufKarjreka w;r jej bkaoidr ysñfhda o jQy' fï fofokd jykafiau irKxlr ix>rdchka jykafia .=re ;k;=frys ;nd f.k Wmiïmodj ,enQy' ix>rdc ysñfhda jej bkaoidr ysñhkaj fõye,af,a OïuÈkak iajdóka jykafiaf.a YsIH njg m;a l< w;r Wkajykafia ud;r ys;a;eáfha úydria:dkh flaJø lr.ksñka lrf.dv Whkaf.dv úydria:dk lsysmhl o ud;r mrf.dv úydria:dkfha;a wêm;Hh ±rEy'
jej bkaoidr ysñhkaf.a m%n, YsIH r;akhla jqfha mrf.dv úydrfha jevisá fndaêu`Mfõ mßY+oaO iajdñJøhka jykafiah' fnkaf;dg jkjdi úydrh kej; fidhd.kq ,enqfha Wkajykafia h. j¾;udk hq.fha wdrïNlhdKka jQ Wkajykafia fnkaf;dg .,md; úydrfha § l%s'j' 1815 § wmj;a jQy' wk;=rej jkjdi úydrfha wdêm;Hhg m;ajQfha Wkajykafiaf.a YsIH j,m, .=Kr;ak iajdñJøhka h' j,m, .=Kr;k iajdñJøhkaf.a YsIH fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.ka wdrïN jk f;jeks hq.h jkjdi úydr b;sydifha Èma;su;a hq.hla iksgqyka fõ'
O¾u Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkh
fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais ysñfhda iqm%isoaO m`äjrfhl= jq lrf;dg Oïudrdu iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.ka bf.kqu ,enQ wjidk YsIH jrhdfKda h' je,súg wirK irKxlr ix>rdchka jykafiaf.a YsIH w;a;r.u rdc.=re nKavdr fuu mrmqf¾ wdrïNlhdh' ud;r fjfyr.ïmsg lrf;dg Oïudrdu ysñfhda jevisáhy ^l%s.j. 1737 isg 1827&' w;a:oiais ysñfhda md,s, ixialD;, isxy,, whq¾fõoh, kCI;%h ms<sn`oj m%dudKsl úhf;la jQy' lrf;dg Oïudrdu udysñhka fj;ska O¾u Ydia;% W.;a fnkaf;dg wF:oiais udysñfhda o ish mrmqf¾ §ma;sh bÈßhg f.k.shy' W.f;l= jYfhka uy;a m%isoaêhla we;sj isá uqkajykafia iajlSh úydria:dkh jk fnka;r jkjdi úydrfhys mKaä;r;ak kñka msßfjKla wrUd b.ekaùï l<y'
fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais iajdóJøhka msysgqjdÆ fnkaf;dg Ydia;%d,fhys b.ekajQ úIhhka f,i ;%smsgl O¾uh, f.dúlu, úhrK, N+ñYdia;%h ^forK i;r& isxy, ^t`Mj& l:dlrk bx.%Sis, .Ks; i;r ^kCI;%h&, lúisf,daj ^ljH ks¾udK& wdosh i`oyka h' úfoHdaoh úoHd,xldr msßfjka ìys ù Èjhsk mqrd msßfjka we;s ùu;a iu`. fuu wdh;kh jeis .sfhah'
O¾u Ydia;%Sh jdo újdo
fuu hq.h úúO wd.ñl Ydia;%Sh jdo újdo mej;s ld,mßÉfPaohla úh' O¾u Ydia;%Sh nyqY%e; nj ksid fnkaf;dg w;a:oiais ysñfhda fuu jdo újdoj,g fhduq jQy' idx>sljdoh" nqoaOj¾Ijdoh" wêudijdoh, iSudjdoh" wdÈh ta w;r m%Odk fõ' l%s'j' 1855 oS fldaÜfÜ Y%s l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdj we;s ùug wêudijdoh fya;= jQ nj uq,ska i`oyka úh' fuu jdoj, ch mrdch flfia fj;;a fndfyda O¾u Ydia;%Sh lreKq wkdjrKh ùu jeo.;a úh'
l%sia;shdks ñIkdß jdoújdo
19 jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha ,xldfõ we;s jk fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhg ñIkdÍ iud.ï Èjhsfka wd.ñl lghq;= m%pdrKfha kshqla;s ùu m%n,j n,mEfõh' fuu ñIkdÍ jHdmdrj,g úreoaOj we;sjQ fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha wêrdcH úfrdaë cd;sl ke`.Sï we;slsÍfï wruqK o ;snqfKah' 1884 noafoa.u jdoh, 1866 Woïúg jdoh" 1971 .ïfmd, jdoh" 1973 mdkÿrd jdoh wd§ jdo fuu fCIa;%fha we;s jQ m%n, isoaëka f,i jd¾;d fõ'
fuu úIh fCIa;%fha§ fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdókaøhka jykafiaf.a ld¾hNdrh b;du;a iqúfYaIS nj fnkaf;dg wF:oiais ysñhkaf.a l%sia;shdks m%{ma;shg ms<s;=rla iy l%sia;shdks m%{ma;sh hk merKs lD;sh uqøKh lrñka tys m%ia;djkdfõ§ .Kkd: Tfífialr i`oyka lrkafka fufiah' funÿ újdo ´,kao iufha mj;skakg we;;a ta i`oyd idCIs wm i;=j ke;' f.d.¾,s mQcl;=ud wJ:oiais ysñhka w;r ,xldfõ isÿ jQ l%sia;shdks fn!oaO újdoh uq,au jd¾;d.;j we;s újdohhs' iuyr úg wJ:oiais ysñhkaf.a fuu újdo wdrCId lereKq lD;s l%sia;shdks wd.u iïnJOfhka fn!oaO m`äjrfhl= úiska isÿflreKq m%:u yd l%udkql+," f,dalfhau isÿ ù we;s uq,au úfõpkh fuh hehs wkqudk l< yelsh'
fuu .%ka:fhaÈ foúhka ueùu,wdKavq lsßu, mõ iudlsßu, foúhka jykafiaf.ka CIudj ,nd iodld,sl iaj¾.hg hdu wdÈ lreKq ms<sn`oj ksldhd.; lreKq olajñka f.d.¾,s msh;=udf.a l%sia;shdks m%{ma;shg ms<s;=re imhd ;sfí' tneúka 19 jk ishjfia w.Nd.fha ,xldfõ we;s jQ fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha wdrïNl iajdñJøhka jykafia kula yeáhg Wkajykafiag b;sydifha m%n, ;ekla ysñ fõ' tl, jdo újdo we;s úug fmr Wkajykafia fuu fCIa;%fha fhdaO ld¾hNd¾hla bgqlr ;sfí'
fnkaf;dg wF:oiais udysñmdKkaf.a iudkdpd¾hl iajdñkaJøhka jykafia miakula fnka;r l`M;r, mhd.,, u;=.u hk m%foaYj, Ydiksl cd;sl fufyjfrys Wiia whqßka fhÈ isáhy'
1' fldiaj;af;a OïurlaÅ; iajdóJøhka jykafia ^fnkaf;dg .,amd; úydrh&
2' r;auf,a fcd;smd, iajdóJøhka jykafia ^uf,af.dv Y%s mqIamdrdu úydrh&
3' ynrlv úmiais iajdóJøhka jykafia ^uf,af.dv Y%s mqIamdrdu úydrh&
4' mskak¥fõ úmiais iajdóJøhka jykafia ^mdka;sh Y%s uyd úydrh&
fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a ld¾hnyq, csú;h ;=< fnkaf;dg O¾u Ydia;%d,h fukau fmdfydh f.h" úydrf.h yd ffp;Hh o ks¾udKh úh' fnkaf;dg Wvfldgqj mqrdK fndaê ióm úydrh Wkajykafiaf.a úfõlS ia:dkh f,i bÈúh. l%s'j' 1859 § wNhfldaka uqo,s;=uka úiska we,nv jia wdrduh Wkajykafiag cQcd lrk ,os'
YsIH msßi
1' hd;%duq,af,a Oïudrdu iajdóJøhka jykafia
2' fmd;=ú, bkaofcda;s iajdóJøhka jykafia
3' udje,af,a Oïudkkao iajdóJøhka jykafia
4' fndamsáfha iS,jxi iajdóJøhka jykafia
5' fldaïu, bkaoidr iajdóJøhka jykafia
fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdóJøhka jykafia Ydiksl yd cd;sl jYfhka hq. fufyjrl ksr; jq h;sjrhdKka kula jQy. Wkajykafia l%s'j' 1868 § wmj;a ù jod<y' fnkaf;dg ,lr .%ka:fha Wkajykafiaf.a wmj;a ùu i`oyka l< moH lsysmhla fufiah'
keKska iqr.=rd jka rE isßka mkaπππππππierd
msß mqrord jka ;=,a f;Èkaππππππππππππndiqrd
;s,sks iqr;=rd jka i;a.=fKkaππππππππuõhqrd
fu h;s ;=u jrdhka fndaif;la uehsππππodrd
w`Ml, ijKla /iafkla iska hq;aπππππππ.f;ys
foiq wm Èhkd imõ uq,ska nqkaf,iskaππππππis;a
iqksu, i`oyï is;a jq mßoafokaπππππππππW.;a jq
uh;s;=u krka f,õys iem;a foõπππ.=frlauehs
iqmjr f;j,d oï uqo f;diakd ish,aππππππππππππππππi;a
keKu;s k<,d is;af;a W;=ï fïπππππππππππππππππu;skao
f.k re; wu fohs ks;af;ka f,jka fukaπππππohdfjka
tneúka flf,iska fï we;a ú,iafklaπππππππππlshïfoda
wm uyd ix>iNdj msysgqùfï § uQ,sl;ajh .;a u,s.iafma ux., kdysñfhda fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s moúh ±rEy. ,xld b;sydifha iïNdjH hq.fha wjidk jeo.;a rdcH ld,h fldaÜfÜ yhjk merl=ïnd rdcH iuhhs ^1442 isg 1467&' yhjk merl=ïndjkaf.a urKh;a mD;=.Sis wd.ukh;a w;r wvishjfia § Ydikh jy jyd msßysS .sfhah. yhjk mrl=ïnd rc;=ud fldaÜfÜ w.k.rfha ix>drdu lsysmhla bÈl< w;r m%Odk ix>drduh jQfha fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrhhs' y;ajeks nqjfklnd rcH ld,h jk úg ^1521 isg 1560& fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrh úkdYhg m;a úh. mD;=.Siska úiska úúO wjia:dj, fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh fld,a,lk ,È' mD;=.Siskaf.a n,h;a lf;da,sl ñIkdßkaf.a wdêm;Hh;a fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha ;yjqre úh' nq'j' 1551 isg 1567 olajd rclrk O¾umd, rcq lf;da,sl wd.u je<`o.ekSu;a iu`. NslaIQka jykafia,d iS;djlg;a uykqjrg;a ixl%uKh jQy' fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrh lf;da,sl ñIkdßkag ysñúh. wk;=rej fuu rdcuyd úydrh j,aìysjkakg úh'
fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrh ms<sn`o kQ;k mqk¾csjfha mqfrda.dñ h;sjrhdKka jykafia .d,af,a mrf.dv úydrfha jevisá ms,dfka nqoaOrCÅ; iajdóJøhka jykafiah. Wkajykafiaf.a .=rejrhd jQfha mrf.dv úydrfha jev isá fndaêu¨fõ mßY=oaO iajdñJøhka jykafiah' fnkaf;dg jkjdi úydrfha kQ;k hq.fha wdrïNl h;sjrhdKka jqfhao fndaêu`Mfõ mßY+oaO ysñfhdah' fuu úydr mrmqr {d;s úydr mrmqrlska ìysjk nj meyeÈ,sh. fndaêu`Mfõ mßY=oaO iajdñJøhkaf.ka miqfnkaf;dg jkjdi úydrfha wdêm;Hg Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHjrfhl= jQ j,m, .=Kr;k ysñfhda m;afj;s'
l%s'j' 1813 § muK ms,dfka nqoaOrCÅ; ysñfhda fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrfhys .rd jegqKq f.dvke.s,s .,alKq wdÈh .fõIKh lrñka fuu ia:dkfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= wrU;s. ,e.=ï f.h" úydr l¾udka;h" od.en wdÈh m%;sixialrK l<y' fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr ia:dkfha úydrf.h ;=< ;sfnk úlafgdaßhd /cskf.a rEmh fuu m%;sixialrK ì%;dkH hg;a úcs; hq.fha isÿ jQ njg idCIshls' l%s'j' 1829 wf.daia;= 25 jeksod ms,dfka nqoaOrCÅ; iajdóJøhka jykafiag ì%;dkH wdKavqldr tâjâ ndkaia úiska fld<U kjf;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh msßkud ;sfí' l%s'j' 1831 § ms,dfka nqoaOrCÅ; kdysñfhda wmj;a jQy'
ms,fka uysñhkaf.ka miq l%s'j' 1831 isg 1872 olajd fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;Ska jykafia jQ fld<U kj fldr<fha yd kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh fynjQ O¾ulS¾;s Y%S u,s.iafma ux.,dNsOdk kdysñfhda l%s'j' 1855 § 1832 ie;a;eïn¾ 21 Èk ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd Wkajykafiag fld<U kj fldar<fha yd kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh ms<sn`oj wla;%m;%h msßkeóh'
fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s u,s.iafma ux.,dNsOdk kdhl iajdóJøhka jykafia fuu hq.fha jevisá jHla; m%;sn, iïmkak lS¾;su;a h;sjrhdKka kul jQy' .sys meúÈ úYd, msßila Wkajykafia wkq.ukh l<dla fukau f.!rj iïm%hqla; nyqudkfhka iïNdjkd l<y'
fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrh 19 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha tu m%foaYfha ;snqKq tlu úydria:dkh úh. úoHd,xldr uyd msßfjk msysgjq r;aud,dfka Oïudf,dal kdhl iajdñJøhka jykafia l%s'j' 1837 § r;aud,dfka mqrdK úydrfhaÈ wvqfma fidaKq;a;r iajdñøhka jykafiaf.a wdpd¾h;ajfhka meúÈ ù idufKarhka jykafia flfkl= fia m%:ufhkau nK oyï bf.kSug md ;enqfõ fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrhg nj iómd;s;fha fn!oaOdpd¾hfha lD;sfha i`oyka fõ'
fï ld,fhaÈ fld<U m<df;a ;snqKq tlu fnDoaO úoHdia:dkh fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydria:dkh úh. u,s.iafia ux.,dNsOdk fld<U úoHdia:dkfha kdhl ia:úr;=ud úh. wdpd¾hjrhdKka jQy' jeämqr bf.kqu ,nkq leu;s Oïudf,dal f;rKf;fï o fuu ia:dkhg muqKqjd ux., kdhl ia:úr;=udg Ndrfok ,È' mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjfka o kdysñfhda wdpd¾h moúh ±rEy'
l%s'j' my;rg Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh lsÍfï § uykqjr mqIamdrdu úydria: ldrl ix>Ndfjka NsCIQka jevujd .; hq;= nj ;SrKh ù tu j.lSï mejrefka u,s.iafia kdhl iajdóJøhka jykafiagh. Wkajykafia f.!rjkSh f,i yd iodpdrj;a f,i tu lghq;= isÿlsÍug lghq;= bgql<y'
ta ms<sn`o úia;r ,nq.u ,xldkkao udysñmdKka rÑ; ‘chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ ix>iNdj’ hk lD;sfhka n,d .ekSug mq`Mjk. u,s.iafma kdhl iajdñJøhka jykafia ixhufhka {dkjka;j yd tä;rj lghq;= l< nj thska meyeÈ,s fõ'
meúÈ YsIH msßi
O¾ulS¾;s Y%S u,s.iafma ux.,dNsOdk kdhl iajdñJøhka jykafiag meúÈ YsIHhka tl;= úiails'
lsßj;a;=vqfõ f¾j;, .fKa.u wur" n;a;ruq,af,a iqN+;s" fldf<dkakdfõ isoaOd¾:" weUq,a.u úu,;siai" iqUqgdfka mshoiais" ;,x.u f;reka jykafia" c,a;r idrdkkao" l`Mfndaú, iquk" uq,af,aßhdfõ iqkkao" ys`.=,aj, cskr;k" udÈfj, r;kfcda;s" noafoa.u irKxlr, ly;=vqfõ {dkkao" fldaÜfÜ m[a[d;siai" noafoa.u ërdkkao" ynrd¥fõ Oïur;k" n;a;ruq,af,a úu,idr" n;a;ruq,af,a Wm;siai hkqfjk'fï w;=ßka ys`.=,aj, cskr;k iajdóJøhka jykafia fldaÜfÜ merl=ïnd msßfjK wdrïN l<y. l%s.j.1872 § u,s.iafma kdysñfhda wmj;a ù jod<y'
uy wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdudêm;sj jev úiQ mdkÿf¾ iqux., udysñfhka wm ix>iNdfõ wdrïNl uyf;reka w;f¾ f;jeks ;eka ,n;' uyd wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdu úydr i`. mrmqf¾ iïnkaO j¾;udk Ydiksl wNsjDoaêfha moku ilikq ,enqfha msKavmd;sl wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdchka jykafiah'
Wkajykafia wdrïN l< uykqjr kshulkafoa Ydia;%Yd,djg ud;r m%foaYfha isg foys.iafma wF:oiais idufKarhka jykafia jevu l<y'
foys.iafma wF:oiais ku o je,súg irKxlr ix>rdchdKka jykafia u .=re ;k;=frys ;nd Wmiïmodj ,enQy. ;u YsIHhka jykafia ms<sn`o Wkajykafiaf.a .=K kqjK lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=udg o i`.rc ysñfhda ±kajQy' lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud le<Ks rcuyd úydrh m%;sixialrKh lsÍug foys.iafma wF:oiais ysñhkaj le<Kshg tùh' le,Ksh m%;sixialrK lghq;= isÿfldg YsIH kulg lghq;= mjrd Wkajykafia h<s uykqjrg jeähy' t;=udf.a ld¾hY+rFjh jgyd .;a rc;=ud rejkaje,s iEh bÈßmsg kgUqkaj ;snQ úydrhla m%;sixialrKhg h<s;a foys.iafma wF:oiais ysñhkaj wkqrdOmqrhg hejQy' tu lghq;= ksujd meñKs foys.iafma wF:oiais ysñhkag rc;=ud oUfoKs wdikakfha ;snQ uq;=., úydrh Ndr ÿkafkah' fuu ia:dkfha jev isáoaÈ foys.iafma wF:oiais ysñfhda T.a.uqfõ OïurCÅ; kñka YsIHfhl= meúÈ Wmiïmod l<y'
T.a.uqfõ f;rekaf.a YsIHhd jE;a;Efõ bkaoidr ysñfhdah. Wkajykafia ;u .=re mrmqf¾ w;S; f;dr;=re wkqj le<Ks úydrhg jevu fldg uqyqÿ nv m%foaY krUñka mdkÿrhg jevu l<y' mdkÿrfha § ioaOdiïmkak wre.af.dv odhl msßila Wkajykafiaf.ka f;dr;=re úuid úydria:dkhla ;kjd fok nj fmdfrdkaÿ ù wre.af.dvg jevujdf.k .shy' Wkajykafia wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdu úydria:dkh m%;sIaGdmkh lf<a l%s'j'1806 §h'
jE;a;Efõ bJoidr ysñfhda Ñ;% l,dfjys yd m%;sud Ys,amfhys oCIfhl= jQy' fuu úydria:dkfhys m%;sudj fk,d we;af;a t;=udfKdah. r;akmqf¾ keÿka úydr m%;sudjo Wkajykafiaf.a h'
YsIH msßi
1' mdkÿf¾ iqux., ysñ'
2' fnka;r .=Kr;k ysñ'
3' uiaú, ix>rCÅ; ysñ'
4' wïn,xf.dv fïOxlr ysñ'
5' f.daK¥fõ fidaNs; ysñ'
6' fld<U mshr;k ysñ'
wm uyd ix>iNdj msysgqùfuys mqfrda.dó jQ uyf;rjreka w;r isõjk ia:dkh mems<shdfka YS,jxY udysñfhda ,n;s. Wkajykafia .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s jQy' Wka jykafiaf.a mrïmrd iïnkaOh .sks.;amsáfha ix>rlaÅ; kdysñhka lrd Èjhhs' tu ix>rCÅ; ysñ je,súg wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdc ysñhkaf.a f;jeks YsIHjrhd h' je,súg irKxlr iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.a is,aj;a iud.fï idudcslfhl= jQ Wkajykafia uykqjr kshulkafoa Ydia;%d,fha .=rejrfhl= f,i bf.kqï b.ekaùï lghq;=j, ksr; jQy' uq,§ §mxlr hk ku Ndú; l< Wkajykafia Wmiïmodfõ§ ix>rlaÅ; hk ku fhdod .;a njg wkqudk flf¾' Wmiïmodj ,nk úg Wkajykafia 45 jk úfha miqjqy t;=fuda my< fodf<dia m;a;=fõ m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh biqÆy'
Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHfhl= jQ uÿrdj, OïuÈkak ysñfhda l%s'j' 1818 § muK Ydiksl fiajd i`oyd my;rg m%foaYhg iem;a jQy'
uÿrdj, OïuÈkak ysñfhda fudrgqj tf.dvWhfka csfkaJø ffp;Hdrduh msysá ia:dkfha wdjdi .Dyhl jia jeiQy' fodU.yj;a; kï jQ fuu bvu l%s'j' 1827 § mQcd Tmamqjlska mqcd lr ;sfí. uÿrdj, ysñfhda fuu m%foaYfha úYd, Ydiksl m%fndaOhla we;s l<y. m%foaYfha ck;dj fn!oaOhka f,i tlai;a jQy'
1' ueÈudf,a f¾j; ysñ
2' kd.iamsáfha iqoiais ysñ
3' Wvq.ïfmd< fidaKq;a;r ysñ
hk f;rjre Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHfhda jQy. fï w;=ßka ueÈudf,a f¾j; ysñfhda uÿrdj, OïuÈkak kdysñhkaf.a wmj;a ùfuka wk;=re j tf.dvWhk Y%S csfkaø ffp;Hdrdufha úydrdêm;s ;k;=rg m;ajQy' ;u .=refoajhka jykafiaf.a Ydiksl lghq;= ÈhqKqjg m;a l< Wkajykafia m%foaYfha úydria:dk 10 lau msysg jqy' fuu úydria:dk 10 w;r .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydria:dkh o tlls'
ueÈudf,a f¾j; iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a meúÈ YsIHjrhka fodf<diaku w;r m%Odk YsIHhka jykafia,d jQfha mems<shdfka iS,jxY iajdñJøhka jykafia yd j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñhkah'
mems<shdfka YS,jxYdNsOdk kdysñmdKka jykafia mdkÿr uOHfha msysá .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydria:dkh we;=`M ;okqnoaO úydria:dk .Kkdjl wdêm;Hh ±rEy'
l%s'j' 1874 isg 1880 olajd fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdfõ w;sW;=ï uydkdhl moúh Wiq,k ,oafoa o mdkÿr .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s Y%S uydúydrjxYd,xldr WmdOHdh mems<shdfka iS,jxY uydiajdóka jykafia h. l%s'j' 1860 iema;eïn¾ 18 jk Èk Wkajykafia wmj;a jQy'
YsIH msßi
1' mems,shdfka iqjKaKfcda;s ysñ
2' r;akmsáfha irKmd, ysñ
3' fndr,eia.uqfõ Oïudrdu ysñ
jd,dfka isoaOd¾: kdysñfhda wm ix>iNdfõ msysgqùfï § uq,a jQ uyf;reka w;r miajk ;ek ,n;s' Wkajykafia je,súg ix>rdc udysñf.a f;jeks YsIHhd jQ .sks.;amsáfha ix>rCÅ; kdysñ hkaf.a YsIH jQ uÿrdj, OïuÈkak iajdókaøhka jykafiaf.a YsIHjrfhl= jQy'
jd,dfka isoaOd¾: kdysñfhda l%s'j' 1811 ud¾;= udifha mdkÿr wdikakfha msysá j,dk .ï mshfia§ Wm; ,enQy' fuu l=urejd mqrdlD; mqKH Y;a;sfhka hqla; úh' .sâvj .=Kr;k iajdóJøhka jykafia tf.dvWhk csfkaJø ffp;Hdrdudêm;s uÿrdj, OïuÈkak kdysñhka uqK.eiSug uykqjr isg mdkÿr m%foaYhg jevujd j¾;udk j,dfka isoaOF:drdu úydrh msysá ia:dkfha ;snQ kd rel uq, wdjdihla ;kd f.k jev isáhy' fuu l=urejd ñ;a;Ksh iu`. fuu ia:dkhg meñfKkafka u,a mQcd lsÍugh' .sâvj .=Kr;k ysñhka y;a;EúßÈ úfha§ fuu l=urejd Ndrf.k nK oyï wdÈh b.ekaúh' wk;=rej mdkÿr uyd wre.af.dv bkaoirdrdu uyd úydria:dkfhaÈ ueÈudf,a f¾j; isjdñkaøhka jykafiaf.a wdpd¾hFjfhka l%s'j' 1823 § meúÈ njg m;aúh'
Wmiïmodj i`oyd W.;ukd nK oyï ueÈudf,a f¾j;, .sâvj .=Kr;k iajdñJøhka jykafia,d weiqfrka imsre isoaOd¾: idufKarhka jykafia l%s'j' 1831 § u,aj;= úydrfhaÈ wêYs, ixLHd; Wmiïmodj ,enQy. .,a.sßhdfõ isß OïurCÅ; iqux.,dNsOdk uydkdysñfhda WmdOHdh jQy' wdpd¾hhka jykafia jQfha ueÈudf,a f¾j; iajdñJøhka jykafiah'
Wmiïmodfjka miq j,dfka isoaOd¾: iajdñJøhka jykafia bf.kSu i`oyd m%isoaO úoajf;l= jq me,auvq,af,a jevisá .d,af,a fïOxlr iajdñJøhka <`.g .shy' Wkajykafia iqm%isoaO lrf;dg O¾udrdu iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.a YsIHjrfhls' .d,af,a fïOxlr yduqÿrejka jykafia yÈisfhau wmj;a jQ ksid j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñfhda wdmiq j,dkg meñKshy' tfy;a h,s;a b`ÿrefõ iqux., iajdñJøhka jykafia yd me,auvq,a,g f.dia ffO¾hj;a j bf.kSï lghq;= j, kshqla; jQy l%s'j' 1838 § wOHdmk lghq;= ksujd j,dfka isoaOF:drduhg jevu jqy'
YsIH csú;fha § u O¾u Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkh ms<sn`o ;snQ wdYdj j,dfka isoaOF: iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.a pß;fha iqúfYaIs .=Kdx.hls' O¾u Ydia;%Sh ms<sn`o m%udKsl ±kqu ,nkafkao tn`ÿ mqoa.,hka h' wOHdmk lghq;= wjika fldg j,dfka ;u úydria:dkhg meñK ;reK isoaOF: iajdñJøhka jykafia wkq.ukh l< m%Odk m%;sm;a;s fïjdh'
1' ;uka jykafiaf.a meúos Wmiïmod wdpd¾h iajdóka jykafia,dg wjk;j lghq;= lsßu'
2' m%foaYjdiSka .sys meúÈ msßig O¾u Ydia;% b.ekaùu wrïN lsÍu'
3' O¾udkqYdikd meje;aùug Wkkaÿ ùu'
4' mqia;ld,hla we;s lsÍug fmd;am;a tl;= lsßu yd ,sùu'
fuu lghq;= ksid iïNdjkSh .sys meúÈ msßila Wkajykafia hgfla wOHdmkh ,enQy' ta msßi w;r fn,a,kaú, fndaêiñm úydrdêm;sj jev isá Wvq.ïfmd, r;kmd, ia:úr" noafo.u irKxlr uydia:úr" fõryer fidaNs; uydia:úr" udf,ajk fidaNs; ia:úr" ;,ka.u uydia:úr" me,am, uydia:úr, .fKaf.dv uydia:úr" je,slege,af,a uydia:úr" fldaodf.v uydia:úr hk h;sjrhdKka jykafia,d o fodka wkaøsia o is,ajd ngqjka;=vdfõ m`ä;=ud o jQy'
fuu msßi foi ne,sfuka j,dfka iajdñJøhka jykafiaf.a O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajdj Èjhsk mqrd jHdma; jQ nj meyeÈ,sh'
j,dfka isoaOF: iajdñøhka jykafiaf.a O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajdj jvd;a Y;a;su;aj ixúOdkd;aul meje;aúfï wjYH;djh u;=úh. r;au,dfka mÈxÑj isá fodka mqfrd,sia f,alï we;=`M msßi Wkajykafia wNsu;h mßÈ l%s'j' 1849 § r;au,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjK bÈlrjd mQcd lsÍu Èjhsfka O¾u Ydia;%Sh fukau msßfjka b;sydifha;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,fla' j,dfka isoaOF: ysñfhda fuu ia:dkh ks;H fkajdisl ia:dkh f,i m;a;rf.k ;u O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajdj wLKavj isÿ l<y' fld<U msgfldgqfõ mÈxÑ chiQßh wdrÉÑf.a f;fodaksia fmf¾rd wmamqydñ, fodka ms,sma o is,ajd, wEmd wmamqydñ wd§yq Wkajykafiaf.a lghq;=j,g Wmldr l<y'
l%s'j' 1873 § fld<U ud,s.dlkafoa úfoHdaoh msßfjK wdrïN l< mKaä; YsfrduKs yslalvqfõ iqux., kdysñfhda yd l%s'j' 1875 § mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr msßfjK msysgqjd r;aud,fka Oïudf,dal kdysñfhda mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjfka YsIHfhda jQy' fuu msßfjka foflka O¾u Ydia;%sh fiajdjg jq fufyh j,dfka iajdóJøhka jykafia fiajdj we.hSug m%udKj;a h'
fuu W.;=kag wu;rj uykqjr m%dÑk mqia;ld,h Ndrj isá iQßhf.dv fidaKq;a;r uydia:úr, Wvq.u fidakq;a;r uydia:úr, ys`.=,aj, cskr;k uyd ia:úr" fldgqfõf.dv [Kdkkao uydia:úr" ueo.u f¾j; ia:úr wdÈ W.;a h;sjrhdKka jykafia,d;a fudrgqfõ isßÈfhia is,ajd .=re;=udf.a jdoaÿfõ fodka yrudksia iurisxy lúr;ak ffjoH;=ud wdÈyq o j,dfka isoaOF: iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a .sys meúÈ YsIHjrfhda h'
fuu W.;=kag wu;rj uykqjr m%dÑk mqia;ld,h Ndrj isá iQßhf.dv fidaKq;a;r uydia:úr, Wvq.u fidakq;a;r uydia:úr, ys`.=,aj, cskr;k uyd ia:úr" fldgqfõf.dv [Kdkkao uydia:úr" ueo.u f¾j; ia:úr wdÈ W.;a h;sjrhdKka jykafia,d;a fudrgqfõ isßÈfhia is,ajd .=re;=udf.a jdoaÿfõ fodka yrudksia iurisxy lúr;ak ffjoH;=ud wdÈyq o j,dfka isoaOF: iajdóJøhka jykafiaf.a .sys meúÈ YsIHjrfhda h'
fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdóJøka jykafia úiska rÑ; “l%sia;shdks m%{ma;sh hk lD;sh ixialrK lrñka uydpd¾h .Kkd: Tfífialr l%s'j' 1855 § fnkaf;dg wF:oiais iajdñJøhka jykafia iu`. tlaj l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdj msysgq jQ w;r my;rg NsCIQka jykafia,d úma,jldß woyia ±re iajdóka jykafia,d nj i`oyka lrhs' ;jÿrg;a t;=ud j,dfka isoaOF: iajdñka jykafia ms<sn`o fufia i`oyka lrhs' r;aud,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh úydrdêm;s j,dfka isoaOF: ysñfhda wêudi jdofha m%Odk úreoaOjdÈfhl= jQ m%lg m`äjrfhl= jq yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñhkaf.a wdpd¾hjrhd jQy'
1968 § me,auvq,af,a iqo¾Yk O¾uYd,d uKavmfha § meje;a jQ ;%smsgl .%ka: Y+oaêh i`oyd j,dfka kdysñhkaj boaou,af.dv rfÜ uka;%sjrhd we,swe;=ka iys; uyd fmryerlska jevujdf.k .sfhah'
uqkajykafiaf.a wNsudkj;a fm!reIh ms<sn`o ,lañKs myK l¾;D weï'O¾ur;ak uy;d ishï ksldh kï ;u lD;sfha fufia i`oyka lrhs' uqkajykafia muK kshu mqreI ,CIKfhka iïmQ¾K jQ Y%uK rdcfhla wjqreÿ ish .Kklska ,xld N+ñfha we;s fkdúh' wiQkula NsCIQka msßjrd hï iNdjl jev bkakd l,ays wiQ uydiõjkaf.ka mßjD; jQ uyd idßmq;% ia:úrhka jykafia foda fydahs iel WmÈ' Wkajykafiaf.a nqoaê uysuh rEm iïm;a;shg fkdfojks h' bf.kqï b.ekaúu lghq;= j, ;snQ úpCIK nj wisßu;a iQodkïj ixúOdkd;aulj ù¾hfhka fiajd bgq l<y' isiqkaf.a oCI;d fkdmels,sj w.h l<y'
YsIH msßi
1' foysmsáfha ix>rCÅ; f;reka jykafia
2' j,dfka idrdkkao f;reka jykafia
3' r;au,dfka iquk;siai f;reka jykafia
4' md,d.u nqoaOrCÅ; f;reka jykafia
5' nÿr,sfha ërdkkao f;reka jykafia
6' mdkÿf¾ fÄudkkao f;reka jykafia
7' ;shUrdfyafka úu,;siai f;reka jykafia
8' r;au,dfka úmq,;siai f;reka jykafia
9' yeä.u m[a[dkkao f;reka jykafia
10' j,dfka Oïudkkao f;reka jykafia
11' f.dä.uqfõ irK;siai f;reka jykafia
12' fldlaldúg ix>;siai f;reka jykafia
13' fld,a¨msáfha iqkkao f;reka jykafia
14' wre.af.dv iS,dkkao f;reka jykafia