YS% chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKS idu.%s O¾u uyd ix> iNdfõ j;auka wkqkdhl moú fydnjk w;smQcH uydpdhH_ fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k wkqkdysñmdKka jykafia yd w;smQcH uydpdhH_ fldgmsáfha rdyq, wkqkdysñmdKka jykafia fud,a,sf.dv m%jpfkdaoh uy msßfjfkka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enQ mçrejka fom,la nj i|yka lrkafka buy;a wdkkaofhks' tmuKla fkdj hf:dala; ix> iNdfõ uy moúh 1955 isg 1997 olajd wLKavj jir 41 la u fydnjkq ,enqfõ o m%jpfkdaoh uy msßfjfkka ìysjQ w.%.kH mçjreka fom,la jQ w;smQcH fud,a,sf.dv YS% wßhjxY uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia iy w;smQcH ,nq.u Y%S ,xldkkao uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia,d úisks' ;jo wm W;=ï ix> iNdfjys fnka;r úydr md¾Yajfhys yd .,af.dv YS% uyd úydr md¾Yajfhys WmdOHdh ;k;=re fydnjk w;smQcH foÈhj, ;s,lisß kdysñmdKka jykafia iy w;smQcH f.dak¥fõ Oïudf,dal kdysñmdKka jykafia wm msßfjfkys wdÈ YsIHjrfhdah' j;auka Ydikdïnrfhys §ma;su;a ;drldjla n÷ iuia; ,xld YdikdrlaIl n, uKav,fhys m%Odk f,aLldêldÍ mQcH f.dak¥fõ .=Kdkkao udysñmdKka jykafia o fuu wdh;kfhys wdÈ YsIHhl= nj i|yka lsÍu wmg uy;a f.!rjhls'

l%s'j'1891 § j.=re ìul bÈ l< l=vd fmd,a w;= me,l jia úiQ rhs.u Y%S bkaøfcda;HdNsOdk kdhl iajdókao%hka jykafia úiska wdrïN l< m%jpfkdaoh uy msßfjk iq¿ ld,hlska b;d lS¾;su;a úoHdmSGhla f,i Èjhsk mqrd m%lg úh' úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka fol msysgqùu;a iu. furg Ou_ Ydia;%h jHdma; lsÍug iu;a wOHdmk wdh;k lsysmhla Èjhsfkys wrUKq ,eîh' ta w;r fud,a,sf.dv m%jpfkdaoh uy msßfjk o m%uqLia:dkfhys ,d ie<lsh yels úoHia:dkhla njg m;aúh' 1919 § rcfha wdOdr ,nk úoHia:dk f,i msßfjka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu wdrïN l< w;r tfia rcfha wdOdr ,nk msßfjkla f,i m%:ufhka u ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï f.!rjh o ysñjkafka m%jpfkdaoh msßfjkghs' fmd; m;ska muKla ,nk oekqu NslaIqjf.a nqoaê jOkhg m%udKj;a fkdjk nj jgyd .;a rhs.u Y%S bkaøfcda;s kdysñmdKkA jykafia úiska mdßfõKsl YsIHhkaf.a Ou Ydia;%Sh {dkh" jd.a mgq;ajh yd wfkHdakH iqyo;dj jOkh lsÍu wrnhd 1901 § Y%S iqNdfIdaoh kñka YsIH iñ;shla o msysg jkq ,eîh' fojk f,dal ix.%duh mej;s iufh§ tkï 1939 ld, jljdkqj ;=<oS ,xldfõ ls%hd;aul ish,q iñ;s iud.ï ì%;dkH rch úiska ;ykï lrk ,§' tfy;a rcfha wjir we;sj Y%S iqNdfIdaoh YsIH iñ;sh meje;aùug yelshdj WodjqKs' ta wkqj wo olajdu mqrd jir 125 ;rï ld,hla wLKavj mj;ajdf.k tkq ,nk ,dxlSh ixúOdkhla f,i Y%S iqNdfIdaoh YsIH ix.uh i|yka l< yels h' tfukau m%foaY jdiS fn!oaO ck;djf.a iïnkaO;djh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu msKsi;a msßfjfkys wNsjDoaêh yd wdrlaIdj Wfoid;a 1894 jIfhys m%jpkdOdr kñka iNdjla o msysgqjk ,§' fuu.ska msßfjfkys w,xldr fouy,a mqia;ld,hla lrjkq ,eîh' wgqjd àld iys; ;%smsgl .%ka: /ila o nqreu wl=ßka hq;a f;j,d nKfmd;a o ishï wlaIr iys; ;%smsgld¾: l;d m%lrK fmd;a /ila o isxy, wlaIr iys; ;%smsgld¾: mqia;l rdYshla o fuu mqia;ld,h ;=< úoHudk fõ'

l=vd fmd,a w;= l=áfhka wdrïN jQ m%jpfkdaoh fyj;a nqoaO jpkfha Wodj w¾: .kajk fuu msßfjk f,dal fn!oaO idys;Hhg l< fiajh buy;a h' jpkfha mßiudma; w¾:fhkau nqoaO jpkh bÈßhgu jOkh lsÍu m%jpfkdaofhys jev úiQ iajdóˆhka jykafia,dg yelshdj ,enqKs' fï wkqj msßfjk ;=<ska ìysjQ OuOr" úkhOr NslaIQka jykafia,d rdYshla j;udkh jk úg § o ìys fjñka mj;S' oil lsysmhlg fmr isxy," md,s" ixialD;" hk NdId ;%fhkau mrf;rg .shd jQ uyf;rjreka fuys jev isàu msßfjfkys Woa§mkhg uy;a rel=,la úh' ;s% NdIdfjkau f,dalhdg buy;a fiajdjla ,nd ÿka uyd h;Skaøhka jykafia,d fud,a,sf.dv i`. mrmqfrka u ìysùu iqúfYaIS lreKla f,i i|yka l< yels h' fuu uyd iajdókaøhka jykafia,df.ka iïnqoaO Ydikhg bgqjQ fiajdj buy;a h' ta w;r

• lsßj;a;=vqfõ fÄudkkao udysñ'
• ,nq.u f¾j; udysñ
• t,a,dj, úu,r;k udysñ
• .,a;=fâ mq[a[dkkao udysñ
• ,nq.u úu,;siai udysñ
• fud,a,sf.dv YS% wßhjxY uykdysñ
• t,a,dj, ixlsÉp kdysñ
• lsßwe,af,a bkaør;k udysñ
• y,af;dg .sßudkkao udysñ
• ,nq.u YS% ,xldkkao uykdysñ
• uydpd¾h Wvqfõ ckdkkao kdysñ
• ,nq.u fyaud,xldr kdysñ
• lryïmsáf.dv iqukidr kdysñ

hk uyh;sjreka wNsudkfhka isysm;a l< hq;=h'

tfiau fuu msßfjfkka ìys jQ .sys mçjreka w;r uydpd¾h mqxÑnKavdr ikakia.," lS¾;sOr ffjoHdpd¾hjrhl jq ví,sõ' whs' m%kdkaÿ ue;s;=ud fydrK iq.;ridhkd.drfha wêm;s ffjoHdpd¾h iq.;odi ue;s;=ud iy rdclSh mKaä; ú,auÜ is,ajd ue;s;=ud wd§ka rgg iudchg wmuK fiajdjla isÿ l<d fiau wm úoHia:dkhg o buy;a lS¾;shla f.k§ ;sfí'

msßfjk msysgqjd jod< rhs.u Y%S bkaøfcda;s kdysñ mdKka jykafia md,s moH rpkfhys w;solaIfhls' Wkajykafia Y%S mdo jkaokdj i|yd mhska jevu lrk úg ;ukau ksudKh l< .d:djlska Y%S mdo jkaokdj isÿ lr ;fí' md,s wgqjd fmd;a isxy,hg fmr,Su kQ;kfha wdrïN lrk ,oafoa wm úoHia:dkfha wdÈ l;DN+; Y%S bkaøfcda;s kd ysñmdKka jykafia úisks' wx.=;a;r ksldh wÜGl:dj jk ufkdar:mQrKS" ufkdr[acKs kñka isxy,hg fmr,d uqøKh lr we;'

fuysÈ fud,a,sf.dv Y%S wßhjxY uykdysñhka ms<sn|j i|yka lsÍu b;d wjYHh fõ' ukaoh;a Wkajykafia fldaÜfÜ YS% idu.S% O¾u uyd ix> iNdfõ W;=ï uyd kdhl Oqrhla fynjq neúks' 1895 cqks ui 27 jk Èk fldaÜfÜ Y%S ux., Wfmdai:d.drfhaÈ meúÈ jq Wka jykafia idufKar wjÈfha W.; ukd nK oyï ukdfldg bf.k .kakd ,§' fud,a,sf.dv wßhjxY idufKarhka jykafia 1903 cqks ui 07 jk Èk fldaÜfÜ Y%S ux., Wfmdai:d.rfha§ wêYS, ixLHd; Wm iïm;a;sfhys msysáhy' Wkajykafia 1904 ckjdß ui m<uq jk Èk m%jpfkdaoh uy msßfjfkys wdpd¾Hh Oqrhlg m;ajQy' O¾u Ydia;%Sh f,dalhg Wkajkafiaf.ka isÿ jq fiajdj o b;d mq¿,ah' Ydia;%Sh ,sms rpkh" iqfndaOd,xldr mqrd;k ikak ixialrKh yd ufkdar[ackS fy<gqjd ixialrKh wd§ .%ka: j, iydh l;=jrfhl= f,i wßhjxY uykdysñhka l%shdlr we;'

1904 isg m%jpfkdaoh uy msßfjfkys wdpdhHjrfhla f,i l%shd l< Wkajykafia 1930 ckjdß 14 jk Èk isg tys Wmm%OdkdpdhH_ OQrhgo 1951 ud¾;= 07 jk Èk isg mßfjKdêm;s OQrhgo m;ajQy' wßhjxY uy kdysñhkaf.a O¾uOr úkhOr nj ksidu fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%S O¾u uyd ix> iNdjg we;=,;a ùu msKsi o jdikdj Wod jqKs' Wkajykafia m%:ufhkau mQfjdla; ix> iNdfjys l,HdKs ldrl iNdjg o" wk;=rej 1943 § WmdOHdh ;k;=rla iys;j wkqkdhl moúhlg m;a jq w;r 1955 § uy kdhl moúhg o m;a jqy' W;=ï uyd kdhl moúhg m;a Wkajykafia fn!oaO wfn!oaO ckhdf.a wOHd;añl .=K j.dj Wfoid lem fjñka úyrKh l<y'

fud,a,sf.dv msßfjfkka iïnqoaO Ydikhg;a isxy," md,s" ixialD; wd§ NdId Ydia;%hkg;a isÿ jqKq fiajdjkays w.% M,h f,i ,nq.u YS% ,xldkkao uykdysñmdKka jykafia i|yka l< yels h' 1901 cQ,s ui 10 fjks nodod Wkajykafia ,nq.u § ckau ,dNh ,enQy' l=vd l< isgu m%jDcd N+ñhg ,eÈlula oelajQ Wkajykafia 1917 cqks ui 03 fjks Èk ,nq.u ,xldkkao kñka meúÈ jQy' meúÈ ù miqodu fud,a,sf.dv msßfjkg jeä Wkajykafia W.kSfuys w;s olaIhl= jQy' 1924 m%dÖk m%drïN úNd.hg fmkS isá Wkajykafia úYsIag f,i iu;a jQy' 1937 § rdclSh mKaä; Wmdêfhka iïudks; jQy' rdclSh mKaä; ,nq.u ,xldkkao uy kdysñmdKka jykafia w;ska isÿjQ O¾uYdia;%Sh fiajh wmuK fõ' th fjkuu wOHhkh l< hq;= úIh fËa;%hls' ,nq.u ,xldkkao uy kdysñhka ms<sn|j pß; l:djla rpkd lrk fn,a,kaú, wkqkdysñhka Wkajykafiaf.a Ydia;%Sh fiajdj m%Odk wxY 4 la hgf;a fm< .iajkq fmfka'

1' ks¾udK
2' ixfYdaOk yd ixialrKh
3' wkqjdo
4' jHLHdk jYfhks'

iajdëk rpkhla f,i ks¾udKh lrk ,o —.dñKs pß;˜ kï uyd ldjH Wkajykafiaf.a ks¾udK w;r m%Odk ;ekla Wiq,hs' Wkajykafiag rdclSh mKaä; Wmdêh o msßkeuqfKa fuu uyd ldjH fjkqfjks' —fldaÜfÜ uyd ix> iNdj˜ kï lD;sh o ;j;a ks¾udKhla fõ' ix> iNdfõ b;sydih fuu lD;shg we;=<;a j we;' :QmjxYh" nq;airK ukaodrï mqr mqj; hk .%ka: kdysñhkaf.a ixialrKhka fõ' uyd kdysñmdKka jykafiaf.a wkqjdo lD;s w;r b;d jeo.;a ;ekla Wiq,kafka md,s ;%smsgl .%ka:hka i|yd l< wkqjdohkah'

• uʯu ksldh
• mdÑ;a;sh md,s
• uyd ksoafoai md,s
• máiïNsodu.a. md,s
• Oïu ix.KSmamlrK
• fk;a;smamlrK
• fmagfldamfoai
• pq,a,ksoafoai md,s

hk md,s fmd;a j,g ixfYdaOk yd isxy, mßj¾;k imhd we;'

jHdLHdk iemhSfï§ kdysñfhda md,s Pkaoia Ydia;%hg ,shù we;s uQ, .%ka:h jk jq;af;daohg yd w,xldr .%ka:h jk iqfndaOd,xldrhg jHdLHdk iemhQy' ixialD; NdIdfjys o w;s olaIfhl= jQ Wkajykafia ldoïnÍ" jdijo;a;d hk .%ka: j,g o jHdLHdk iemhQy' t;=<ska Wkajykafiaf.a ixialD; NdIdj ms<sn| oekqu o úoHudk fõ'

1956 § nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl mßj¾;k ixialdrl uKav,fha W;a;Í;r uKav,hg m;ajQ Wkajykafia 1970 § tys m%Odk iïmdol OQrhg o m;a jQy' tfukau 1982 § Wkajykafia isxy, úYajfldaIfhys iïudk l;D moúhg o m;a jQy' fufia Èfkka Èk ;u oekqu j¾Okh lr .;a Wkajykafia fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix> iNdfõ l¾ujd.dpd¾h" WmdOHdh" wkqkdhl yd uyd kdhl Oqr ms<sfj,ska fyn jQy' wm fuys i|yka lrkq ,enqfõ wm msßfjfkka ìys jQ iqúfYaI pß; lsysmhla ms<sn|j muKs'

fud,a,sf.dv m%jpfkdaoh uy msßfjfkys j¾;udk úydrdêm;s;ajh Wiq,k" wmj;a ù jod< mQcH udú;a;r jðr[dK ysñmdKka jykafiaf.a iy mQcH fodvïuq,af,a pkaodkkao kd ysñmdKka jykafiaf.a;a YsIH r;akh jk" l¿;r Èidfõ m%Odk ix>kdhl" wkqrdOmqr YS% ,xld NslaIq úYaj úoHd,fhys fcHIaG lÓldpdhH" úu, lS¾;s Y%S mQcH fydaud.u Oïudkkao kd ysñmdKka jykafia j;auka msßfjka kfjdaofhys kshuqjd hehs i|yka lsÍu w;sYfhdalalshla fkdfõ' OuYdia;%Sh wOHdmkh i|yd Èjhsfka kka foiska fuys jevu lrk YsIH NslaIQka jykafia,df.a ish¨ wOHdmksl wjYH;d uekúka imqrd oSug úydrdêm;s kdysñmdKka jykafia iy mßfõkdêm;Ska jykafia we;=¿ wdpd¾h uKav,h buy;a lemùfuka ls%hd lrk nj fuys,d úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;=h' ta ksidu fï jk úg 125 kulg wêl YsIH NslaIQka jykafia,d msßila fuys wOHdmk lghq;=j, fh§ isák w;r thska wvlg wdikak msßila fkajdislj isá' YsIH NslaIQka jykafia,d fkajdislj wOHdmkh ,eîug olajk reÑl;ajh ksidu iy fuys mj;akd fkajdisl ys`.;djh ksid ldur 30 lska hq;a fouy,a YsIH fkajdisld.drhla fïjk úg;a bÈfjñka mej;Su i;=gg lreKls' óg wu;rj wx. iïmQ¾K fouy,a mqia;ld,hla o fïjk úg bÈfjñka ;sfí'

w;S;fhys ,xld§mhg;a uq¿ uy;a f,dalhg;a isÿ l<d jQ fiajdj wkNsnjkSh jk w;r j;udkfhys o tu fiajdj kej; isÿ lsÍug ;rï yelshdjwe;s msßila ìyslsÍfuys ,d lghq;= lsÍug j¾;udk úydrdêm;s kdysñmdKka jykafiag" lD;HdêldÍ kdysñmdKka jykafiag iy msßfõkdêm;s ysñhka we;=¿ wdpd¾h uKav,hg;a yelshdj ,efíjdhs o tfiau fndfyda ld,hla f,dal Ydiksl fiajdjka isÿ lsÍug yelshdj we;s YdikNdrOdÍ O¾u úkhOr uyd h;sjrhka jykafia,d ish oyia .Kkla ìyslsÍug fmr fiau bÈßhg;a m%jpfkdaoh msx ìug Yla;sh ffO¾hh ,efíjdhs wms wdYsxikh lruq'