ld,jd§ N+;jd§ w;a:jd§ Oïujd§ Rcq m%;sm;a;sj,ska iajlSh NsCIq Ôú;h wdf,dalj;a fldg jevisáñka ish Èú.ufkys ie;a;E ihjeks j¾Ifha § wm fkdis;+ fudfyd;l wmj;a ù jod< uydpd¾h fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k wkqkdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia by; ±lajQ nqÿjokg wkql+,j jHla; úYdro nyqY%e; O¾uOr uyf;rkula f,i Y%S ,dxflah ix>Ydikh;a iuia; fn!oaO f,dalh;a fydnjd jod<y'

jir ;sy y;<sylg jeä l,la wm rfgys ;SrKd;aul ixisoaëkays § uydix>hdg;a foaYmd,lhkag;a iuia; Y%S ,dxflah m%cdjg;a uOHia:j kdhl;ajh iemhQ fn,a,kaú, kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia ;uka jykafiag u wdfõKsl jQ fm!reIhlska l%shd l< uyf;rkuls' i;<sia ih j¾Ihlg jeä l,la ishï uydksldfha fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix> iNdj fjkqfjka iqúi,a Ydiksl fufyjrla bgql< ix> ms;DjrhdK flfkls' Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h uq,a fldg iqm%lg Ydia;%Sh fiajdjla bgq l< w.%.KH úoajf;ls' wka;¾ cd;sl fn!oaO m%cdj w;r fjfiiska iïudks; lS¾;sOrhdK flfkls' lf;da,sl" yskaÿ yd uqia,sï wd.ñl m%cdjkaf.a iyfhda.S;ajh fjkqfjka lghq;= l< iqúfiia l,HdK ñ;%fhls' fn,a,kaú, rdcuyd úydria:dkfha ;a ta yd iïnkaO wd.ñl yd iudc-ixialD;sl l%shdoduhkays ;a ud¾f.damfoaYldfKda h'

w¿;a wjqreÿ od Wmka l=, mq;l= fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k kñka f,dal mQð; fjhs'

wÈka jir ie;a;E ihlg fmr 1942 j¾Ifha isxy, w¿;a wjqreÿ od fn,a,kaú, .%dufhys mÈxÑj isá ´u;a;f.a fmda,a fmf¾rd uy;df.a iy m,a,f.a fodak nq;ais,skd o is,ajd ud;djf.a mq;a rejkla f,i nKavdr.u" ùod.u § fuf,dj t<sh ÿgq l=, orejdg kï ;enqfKa ´u;a;f.a .s,anÜ fmf¾rd hkqfjks' mq;=ka ifofkl=f.ka hq;a mjqf,a isjqjekshd jQfha Tyq h' Wm;ska u Ydiksl Wreuh ,nkakg fuu l=, l=urejdg wjldY Wod jQfha iir l< mska uysufha m%;sM,hla ksid úh hq;=h' iajlSh mshdKka jykafiaf.a mrmqßka tu Ydiksl Wreuh fudyqg ,enqfKa ta jk úg fn,a,kaú, rdcuyd úydrdêm;s moúh bisÆ w;s.re fn,a,kaú, Y%S fidaur;k kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia ´u;a;f.a fmda,a fmf¾rdf.a nd, fidfydhqrdK flfkl= jQ fyhsks' tmuKla fkdj Y%S fidaur;k kdysñmdKka jykafiaf.a u fcHIaG YsIHhd f,i meúÈj isá iajlSh fogq fidfydhqrdKkaf.ka o tu Ydiksl odhdoh fudyqg ysñ úh' tu fogq fidfydhqrdfKda wka lsisfjla fkdj j¾;udk fn,a,kaú, rdcuyd úydrdêm;s" isx.mamQrefõ fn!oaO mqia;ld,h wdh;kdêm;s" lvq.kakdj mdrñ;d fn!oaO uOHia:dkdêm;s yd w;a;säh ud<s.dj;a; mqrdK úydrdêm;s w;s.re wdpd¾h fn,a,kaú, Oïur;k kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia h' ish fo.=rekaf.a fijfKa l=, isß;a yd wdpdr iudpdr m%.=K l< fuu l=, l=urejd uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enqfõ kslfma úoHd,fhka yd ms<shkao, uOH uyd úoHd,fhks' iajlSh msh;=ukaf.a wNdjfhka miq ie±ye;s Wmdisldjl jQ uEKshka jykafiaf.a Y%oaOd uysufha M,hla jYfhka iajlSh iq¿msh kdysñhkaf.a fijfKys iïnqÿ iiqfkys meúÈ jkakg .s,anÜ fmf¾rd l=, mq;=g jdikdj Wodúh' ta j¾I 1952 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß ui 28 jk od h' meúoao;a iu. Tyqg ,enqfKa fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k hk kduh hs'

ud,s.dlkao úfoHdoh msßfjfKys §ma;su;a wdÈ isiqfjl= jQ fn,a,kaú, Y%S fidaur;k kdysñmdKka jykafia jeäÿr wOHdmkfhys fh§ug Nd.Hj;a fkdjQjo" iajlSh YsIHhka jykafia,d foku Ydiaf;%daoa.%yKfha fl< meñKùug W;aiql jQy' uydpd¾h fldg.u jdÑiair ysñmdKka wdo¾Yhg .kakehs ksr;=rej YsIH mq;%hka jykafia,d fj; Tjoka ,nd ÿkay' úydria:dkfhka ,eìh hq;= uQ,sl YslaIKh ,nd §fuka wk;=rej fldaÜfÜ ix>iNdj tl¨ l< fud,a,sf.dv m%jpfkdaoh msßfjK fj; YsIH mq;%hka jykafia,d foku fhduq l<y' tys oS w;s.re fud,a,sf.dv Y%S wßhjxi uykdysñ" ,nq.u Y%S ,xldkkao uykdysñ" y,af;dg .sßudkkao udysñ jeks úh;a uy m`äjreka weiqfrys W.; ukd Ydia;%dÈh yeoErEy' jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd f,dalmQð; úoHd,xldr .=rel=,h fj; YsIH foku fhduq lrùug bkamiq fidaur;k kdysñmdfKda W;aiql jQy' ,laÈj msßfjka w;r w.;r,ñK jkaj jecUqKq úoHd,xldr msßfjK ta jk úg whdf,a hñka mej;s ,xldoaùmhg ksis ud¾f.damfoaYhla iemhSug kdhl;ajh .;af;ah' w;smQcH uydpd¾h lsßj;a;=vqfõ Y%S m%{didrdNsOdk kdhl iajdñkaøhka jykafiaf.a kdhl;ajfhka" w;smQcH uydpd¾h hlalvqfõ Y%S m%{drdudNsOdk kdhl iajñkaøhka jykafiaf.a fufyhùfuka" uydpd¾h fldgfyafka m%{dlS¾;s kdysñ" uydpd¾h yeämkak, m%{df,dal kdysñ" uydpd¾h udfodaúg {dkdkkao kdysñ" uydpd¾h fo.ïueo iqukfcda;s kdysñ" uydpd¾h kd;a;kaäfha m%{dlr kdysñ" uydpd¾h j,afmd, rdyq, kdysñ" uydpd¾h nU/kafoa isß iSj,S kdysñ wd§ úh;a hq.ldrl mç ysñjrekaf.a weiqr ,nñka Oïur;k - úu,r;k fofidfydhqre ysñjre úoHd,xldr msßfjfKys wdY%h ,enQy' w;smQcH je,ñáhdfõ l=i,Oïu kdysñ" w;smQcH b;a;Emdk Oïud,xldr uykdysñ" w;smQcH udÿ¿jdfõ fidaNs; kdysñ wd§ miq lf,l isß,l Ydik NdrOdÍ;ajhg m;a h;sjrhka jykafia,d iuld,Sk YsIHhka jYfhka úoHd,xldr .=re l=,fhys fijK ,oy'

;SCIK yd úpdrYS,s meúÈ m`äjreka weiqßka iajlSh ;reK NsCIq Ôú;h irid .kakg fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k ysñhkag tys § jdikdj Wodúh' fuys § u i|yka l< hq;= ;j;a lreKla fõ' tkï Wkajykafiaf.a ;reK Ôú;hg r;au,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjKys jevisá udm,.u úmq,idr ysñhkaf.ka yd wOHdmkh i|yd uykqjßka w.kqjrg jevujd fn,a,kaú, úydria:dkfha fkajdislj jevisá miqj ,kavka fn!oaO úydrdêm;s moúhg o m;a jQ wdpd¾h ueo.u jðr[dK ysñhkaf.a wdY%fhka kj Ôjhla ,eîu hs' wdpd¾h Wmdêh i|yd tx.,ka;hg hEug úu,r;k ysñmdKkag u. ie,iS we;af;a o udm,.u ysñhka úiska fidaur;k kdysñhkag lrk ,o b,a,Sulg wkqj h'

fï jljdkqfjys § u tkï 1962 § msreKq úis jhia we;s fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k ysñfhda fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdh;a; isßux., WfmdaI:d.drfha § wêYS, YslaId ixLHd; iqmßY=oafOdamiïmod YS,hg m;a jQy' 1958 j¾Ifhys úfoHdoh úoHd,xldr fomsrejk iriú ;;ajhg Wiiaùï ,enqu;a iuÕ 1963 jifrys § úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;a jQ úu,r;k ysñmdfKda md,s" isxy, yd wd¾:sl úoHdj hk úIhhkaf.ka idudkH mka;sfha idu¾:Hh ,;a Ydia;%fõ§ WmdêOrhl= f,iska iriúhg iuq ÿkay' Ydiaf;%daoa.%yK msmdidfjka fm¿Kq úu,r;k ysñhka bkamiq 1970 j¾Ifha § úfoHdoh úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;aj fojeks fm< by< mka;s idu¾:Hhla iys;j Ydia;%fõ§ Wmdêh iïmQ¾K lrk ,È' ta wkqj kQ;k Y%S ,dxflah wOHdmkfha W;am;a;s ia:dk jQ úfoHdaoh - úoHd,xldr iïm%odh folska u uQ,sl Wmdêh ,nd.;a ÿ¾,N .Kfha Ydia;%Orhl= fia fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k ysñmdKka jykafiaj y÷kajd ,sh yelsh' tmuKla fkdj Wkajykafiaf.a Ydia;% msmdifha iajrEmh o bka m%lg fõ' Wla; Ydia;%dNs,dYfha l+gm%dma;sh iksgqyka jkafka 1977 jifrys § uyd ì%;dkHfha ,ekaleiag¾ úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;a jQ Wkajykafia uydpd¾h kSkshka iaudÜ hgf;a Ydia;%Sh m¾fhaIKhkays kshe,S uydmqreI ixl,am ms<sn| ksnkaOkhla ilia fldg 1980 jifrys § o¾YkúYdro Wmdêh ysñlr .ekSfuks'

úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha wOHhk lghq;=j,ska wk;=rej r;au,dk mruOïufÉ;sh msrejfkys mßfõKdêm;s moúh;a" jirl muK ld,hla r;au,dk mßfõKdpd¾h wNHdidh;kdêm;s moúh;a" mems,shdfka iqfka;%dfoaú mßfõKdêm;s OQrh;a bis¨ úu,r;k ysñmdfKda yïu,j ioaOd;siai kdysñhkaf.a werhqfuka 1966 j¾Ifha § ,kavka fn!oaO úydrhg jevu fldg wd.ñl lghq;=j, ksr; jQy' wdpd¾h Wmdê ,dNfhka miq ishrg jevu fldg j¾I 1981 § Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhkdxYfhys md,s NdIdj ms<sn| lÓldpd¾h Oqrhlg m;a jQ Wkajykafia 2006 j¾Ih olajd úYsIag Ydia;%Sh fiajdjla bgq l<y' 1997-1998 ld,h ;=< ima;jd¾Isl wOHhk ksjdvq hgf;a Wkajykafia tlai;a rdcOdksfha ,kavka úYajúoJd,fha fmrÈ. yd wm%sldkq wOHhk wdh;kfhys (School Oriental Affrican Studies) uydpd¾h Oqrhl o l%shd l<y' wdOqksl lÓldpd¾h Oqrfha isg uydpd¾h Oqrh olajd Wiiaùï ,o fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k iajdókaøhka jykafia fiajfhka úY%du ,enQ miq Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha l=,m;s moúfhka msÿï ,en f,dal mQð; jQy'

2005 jifrys § pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. ckdêm;s;=ñh úiska mems,shdk iqfka;%dfoaú msßfjkam;s" niakdysr m<d; iys; fld<U kj f;dguqfKa m%Odk ix>kdhl" ux., O¾ulS¾;s Y%S wdpd¾h ueof.dv iquk;siai kdysñhka wmj;a ùfuka mqrmamdvq jQ Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha l=,m;s moúh fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k wkqkdysñmdKka jykafia fj; m;a lrk ,È' bkslaì;sj uyskao rdcmlaI ckdêm;s;=uka úiska fukau ffu;%Smd, isßfiak ckdêm;s;=uka úiska o fiajd È.= lsÍï ,nd§u ksid wmj;a jk ;=re u tu Wiia moúfhys Wkajykafia lghq;= l<y'

fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdjg iemhQ wkqmfïh fiajh

jHjydr j¾I m%udKfhka 1855 fmdfidka ui mqrimf<diajl od iudríO Y%S chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ l,HdKS idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdj jir tlish yeg folla uq¿,af,ys Y%S ,xldoaùmfhys u;= fkdj fmrZmr foÈ. f,dalfhys o lS¾;sh m;=rejd y< ft;sydisl ix> iNdjls' wdrïNfha mgka fï olajd w;siïNdú; O¾uúkhOr nyqY%e; uyf;rjrekaf.ka fYdaNudk jQ fuu ix>iNdj fjkqfjka i;<sia j¾Ihlg jeä l,la uydpd¾h fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k iajdókaøhka jykafia lemù l%shd l<y'

uykqjr hq.fha § ,laÈúka ;=rka j ;snQ O¾u Ydia;%Sh oekqu;a Wmiïmodj;a kej; wdrïN lsÍfïys ,d ;u Èú fojeks fldg W;aiyj;a jQ je,súg irKxlr udysñhka ksid jHjydr j¾I 1753 § ishï foaYfhka furgg kej; Wmiïmodj ,eìK' ishfuka jevu jQ Wmd,s uyf;reka jykafiaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka ta jk úg WNh úydr f,i m%isoaOj ;snQ wia.sß u,aj;= úydrhkays meúÈj isá idufKarjreka Wmiïmodfjys msysgúK' fuu Wmiïmodj;a iu. ta i|yd WfoHda.S jQ je,súg irKxlr ysñmdKka jykafia uq,alrf.k ix>rdc moúh;a wia.sß u,aj;= úydr fol uq,alrf.k uydkdhl moú fol;a m%Njhg m;aúh' ;;ald,Sk lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq ta i|yd wjYH rdclSh n,h m%odkh lf<ah' jHjydr j¾I 1753 wdrïNfha § ishï Wmiïmodj wdrïNùfuka miq ,laÈj Wv-my; forfgys u idufKarjrekag Wla; úydr fol uq,alrf.k Wmiïmodj ,nd.ekSug wjldY ie,isK'

bka ishjilg miqj fnka;r jkjdi úydrdêm;s fnka;r wF:oiais udysñ" fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydrdêm;s u,s.iafma O¾ulS¾;s Y%S ux., kdysñ" wre.af.dv bJoirdrdu úydrdêm;s mdkÿf¾ iqux., udysñ" mdkÿr .,af.dv Y%S uyd úydrdêm;s Y%S uyd úydr jxYd,dldr mems,shdfka Y%S iS,jxY udysñ" r;au,dk mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjka úydrdêm;s id¾jfN!u mKaä; j,dfka isoaOd¾: udysñ hk miaku 1855 jif¾ fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr Wfmdai:d.drhg /iaj lrk ,o idlÉPdjlg wkqj zl,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix> iNdjZ kñka kj ix> iNdjla wdrïN úh' wk;=rej 1856 uehs 22 Èk nqÿrÿka o meka myiqj ,o le,Ks k§ Wol=lafÄm iSudfjys Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh isÿ l<y'

Wmiïmodj isÿl< ia:dkfha ft;sydisl;ajh wkqj l,HdKs kduh o tlS Wmiïmodfjka ix>hd úiska ms<smeÈh hq;= idu.%SO¾u wfmaCId l< neúka idu.%SO¾u kduh o i,ld zl,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix> iNdjZ hkqfjka fuu ix>iNdj y÷kajd ;sfí' wdrïNfha mgka jir 37la fkdlvjd le,Ks koS Wol=lafÄm iSudfjys Wmiïmod úkhl¾uh isÿl<;a tu k§ iSudfjys we;s ÿIalr;d i,ld n,d wdrïNl uyd iajdóJøhka jykafia,d wh;a m%Odk úydr md¾Yaj mfya u tl`.;dj we;sj 1893 uehs ui 30 Èk fldaÜfÜ rdcuyd úydr noaO iSudfõ u Wmiïmod úkh l¾uh isÿ lsÍug ;SrKh úh' 1894 uehs ui 21 Èk iudrïNl uyd iajdóJøhka jykafia,d miakug wh;a md¾Yaj my u tl;=j wo olajd u WmiïmÞ ux.,Hh fkdlv fldg mj;ajk ix> iNdj Y%S chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix> iNdj hs'

fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k iajdókaøhka jykafia 1972 § wm ix>iNdfõ l,HdKs ldrl iNdjg f;aÍ m;a jQy' bkamiqj l¾ujd.dpd¾hhka jykafia kul fia Wmiïmod wdÈ úkhdkql+, Ydiksl pdß;%úê ukdj bgql<y' WmdOHdh uQ,sl jQ wm ix>iNdfõ r;au,dk úydr md¾Yajfha WmdOHdhhka jykafia f,i wmj;a jk ;=reu Wkajykafia Wmiïmod úkh l¾uhkays uQ,sl;ajh f.k l%shd l<y' tmuKla fkdj Wmf,alï Oqrh;a bkamiqj m%Odk f,alï Oqrh;a orñka ix>iNdfõ mßmd,k yd ffk;sl lghq;= buy;a lemùfuka yd WfoHd.fhka isÿlrñka wm ix>Ndfõ Wkak;sh i,idÆy' 2015 j¾Ifha § wm ix>iNdfõ W;=ï wkqkdhl Oqrfhka msÿï ,o Wkajykafia iajlSh nyqY%e; Ndjfhka o Ôú; mß{dkfhka o O¾uúkhdkq.; m¾fhaIK {dkfhka o woaú;Sh jQ kdhl;ajfhka o fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix> iNdfõ lS¾;sh iuia; fn!oaO f,dalfhys m;< l<y'

Y%S chj¾Okmqr iriúfhka úys¨jd Æ Ydia;%df,dalh

jHjydr j¾I 1873 § ;%smsgljd.SYajrdpd¾h w;s.re yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., udysñmdKka jykafia úiska fld<U" ud,s.dlkafoa § iudríO úfoHdoh msßfjK m%Njia:dk fldg j¾I 1959 § mKaä; YsfrdauKs je,súáfha Y%S fidar; kdysñmdKka jykafia úiska cd;shg odhdo l< úfoHdoh úYajúoHd,fhka Ydia;%fõ§ f.!rj Wmdêh ysñlrf.k tu úYajúoHd,fhys uydpd¾hjrhdK flfkl= f,i Ydia;%Sh f,dalfhys jecUqKq fn,a,kaú, kdysñmdKka jykafia fiajfhka úY%du.;a miq 2005 j¾Ifha § tu úYajúoHd,fha u l=,m;Ska jykafia njg m;a j úfoHdoh úYajúoHd,fhys ke;fyd;a j¾;udk Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fhys Y%S kduh f,dj m;< l<y'

Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhkdxYfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl= jYfhka 1980 j¾Ifha § úYajúoHd, fiajhg tla jQ úu,r;k iajdókaøhka jykafia 2005 j¾Ifhys fiajfhka úY%du hk úg ms<sfj<ska uydpd¾h ;k;=r olajd Wiiaùï ,nd tu úYajúoHd,h uq,a lrf.k jeo.;a Ydia;%Sh fiajdjla bgq l<y' md,s NdId idys;Hh ms<sn| b.ekaùï ld¾hfhys kshe,s Wkajykafia md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhkdxYfha Wkak;sh fjkqfjka wxYm%Odk;ajh wdÈ mßmd,k ;k;=re o orñka lemùfuka l%shdl<y' tmuKla fkdj isxy, yd bx.%Sis NdId foflys u yi< jQ Wkajykafia úiska m< flreKq .%ka: /ils' Ydia;%Sh ix.%y fjkqfjka ,shk ,o m¾fhaIKd;aul ,sms ish.Kkls' mqj;am;aj,g iemhQ ,sms oyia .Kkls'

fldaÜfÜ ix>Ndfõ Ndr¥r j.lSï iys; ;k;=re o fn,a,kaú, rdcuyd úydrfha iy w;a;säh ud<s.dj;a; mqrdK úydrfha úydrdêldÍ ;k;=re o cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r ;k;=re /ila o orñka Y%S ,dxflah NsCIq ix>hdf.a ksldh iy ksldhdka;r lghq;=j, o ksr; fjñka jevisá fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k iajdókaøhka jykafia ish Ydia;%Sh Ôú;h lsisod wu;l fkdl<y' th wm rfÜ iuia; NsCIqix>hd úiska u wdo¾Yhg .; hq;a;la nj wms ;rfha úYajdi lruq' ;uka jykafiaf.a ld,h lsisod wmf;a fkdhejQ fn,a,kaú, kdysñmdKka jykafia Ydia;%Sh fiajh fjkqfjka ±lajQ we,au mqÿu iy.; h' Wkajykafia iajlSh wdjdifha ld¾hd, ldurfhys fïih u; fmd;am;a jgfldg f.k .%ka:lrKfha kshe,s whqre wms ks;r ±l we;af;uq' wm wkqkdysñmdKka jykafia wmj;a jk ;=reu Ydia;%Sh fiajfha kshe,S isá nj wms oksuq' uE; ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ u;= ù wd wkd.ñl;ajh wdÈ n,fõ.j,g ms<s;=re iemhSug zfn!oaO uQ,O¾ujdoh" fm%df;ia;ka; jdoh yd wk.dßl O¾umd,Z kñka lD;shla m< lsÍug miq.sh udi .Kkdfjys kdysñhka wmuK fjfyiS l%shd l<y' ;uka jykafia iómj wdY%h l< úoaj;=ka ks;r iïnkaO lr.;a Wkajykafia ta i|yd wjYHlrk ,sms f,aLk fidhd.ekSug W;aiqlj l%shdl<y' tfy;a tu Ydia;%Sh fufyjr ksud lr,kakg wm kdysñmdKka jykafiag wjia:dj fkd ,eìKs'

m¾fhaIlhl= f,i fn,a,kaú, kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia jvd;a reÑ l< úIh fCIa;% lsysmhls' nqoaO yd fndaêi;a;aj ixl,am" nqoaOm%;sud l,dj yd ì;= is;=jï" uydhdk nqÿoyu" nqoaOd.u yd fjk;a wd.ï ta w;r lemS fmfkhs' Wla; úIh fCIa;%j,g wod< Wkajykafia úiska rÑ; .%ka:j,ska f;dard.;a lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'

isxy, niska m< l< .%ka:

fn!oaO iïm%odh yd ixialD;sh ^1984&
nqÿoyu iy fjk;a wd.ï ^1989&
nqÿms<suh" uqød iy wdik ^1991&
nqoaOm%;sud l,dj yd nqÿms<sufha úldYh ^1995&
,nq.u ,xldkkao udysñ O¾uYdia;%Sh fiajh ^1996&
fn!oaO uydmqreI ixl,amh ^2000&
m%{d mdrñ;d idys;Hh ^2000&
úpdr ,sms irKsh ^2006&
nK oyhla ^2006&
nqÿoyu" idys;Hh yd l,dj ^2006&
nqÿms<suhg fmr nqÿ yduqÿrefjda ^2010&
fn!oaO mqomQcd ixialD;sh ^2013&
nqÿjre iy fndai;ajre ^2015&
nqÿoyu y÷kd.ekSu ^2016&
fn!oaO uQ,O¾ujdoh" fm%df;ia;ka; jdoh yd wk.dßl O¾umd, ^2018 wuqøs;&

mßj¾;k .%ka:

wx.=;a;r ksldh - m%:uNd.h ^1990&
fkdief,k uki ^1992&
ñksidf.a wd.ï ^1999&

bx.%Sis niska m< l< .%ka:

Buddhism Society and Environment (1989)
The Concept of Great-Man in Buddhist Literature and Iconography (1996)
Buddhism among the other Religions (2000)
Essays on facts of Buddhism (2006)

fuu .%ka:dj,sh úu¾YkYS,Sj wOHhkh lsÍfuka fn,a,kaú, kdysñmdKka jykafiaf.a fkdksñ Ydia;%Sh fufyjr Wkajykafia úYajúoHd,hSh úoaj;l= jQ ;eka mgka wmj;aùu olajd l%udkql+,j úldYh ù we;s wdldrh wjfndaO lr.; yelsh' ish .Kkla jQ m¾fhaIKd;aul Ydia;%Sh f,aLk fuys ,d kï jYfhka f.kmEug wms fkdis;uq' fmr i|yka l< mßÈ 1997 - 1998 ld, jljdkqfjys Wkajykafia tlai;a rdcOdksfha ,kavka úYajúoHd,fha fmrÈ. yd wm%sldkq wOHhk wdh;kfhys uydpd¾h Oqrhl o l%shd lrñka iajlSh {dkuysufhka f,dalm%lg jQy' ;j o úfoaYhkays § Wkajykafia úiska mj;ajk ,o Ydia;%Sh foaYk ish .Kkls' bkaÈhdfõ kjÈ,a,s k.rfhys mej;s Interreligious Conference kï iïuka;%Kfha § mj;ajk ,o foaYkh" wefußld tlai;a ckmofha ksõ fhda¾lays § mej;s General Assembly of Religions for Peace kï iuq¿fõ § mj;ajk ,o foaYkh ta w;=ßka f;dard ±laúh yelsh'

fujka Ydia;%Sh ld¾h idM,Hhlska uydpd¾h fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k iajdókaøhka jykafia rfgys iïNdú; Ydia;%{hka jykafia kul jQy' uyr.u" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha l<ukdlrK uKav, idudðl Oqrh ^1989 -1993&" Y%S ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,fha wOHhk uKav, idudðl Oqrh ^1989 -1991& yd le,Ksh úYajúoHd,hg wkqnoaO md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kfha wOHhk uKav, idudðl Oqrh wdÈh Wkajykafiag ,eî we;af;a tfyhsks' tmuKla fkdj Y%S ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,fhka fia u Y%S ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,fhka o zidys;HiQÍZ Wmdêfhka wm kdysñmdKka jykafia w¾Ñ; jQfha o tfyhsks'

wka;¾ cd;sl iïnkaO;d yd cd;Hka;r fiajh

Y%S ,dxflah f:arjd§ ix>hdf.a wka;¾ cd;sl i,l=K uydpd¾h fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k iajdókaøhka jykafia hehs lSu w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfõ' Wkajykafia jHjydr j¾I 2000 isg fï olajd f,dal fn!oaO ix> ljqkai,fha (World Buddhist Sangha Council) f,aLldêldÍka jykafia jQy' bkaÈhdj uQ,sl lr.;a cd;Hka;r fn!oaO iïfï,kfha (International Budhhist Congress) iNdm;Ska jykafia kula fia l%shd l< kdysñfhda miq.sh 2017 j¾Ifha § kej;;a ta i|yd f;aÍm;a jQy' iduh i|yd jQ wd.ñl ixúOdkfha Y%S ,xld ljqkai,fha (Sri Lanka Council of Religion for Peace) iNdm;s ;k;=r 2010 j¾Ifha isg ork ,oafoa o wm kdysñmdKka jykafia h'

fujka wka;¾cd;sl iïnkaO;d wkqj w.%.KH cd;Hka;r fiajhl kshef,kakg fn,a,kaú, kdysñmdKka jykafiag yelshdj ,eìK' ta ksidu Wkajykafiag f,dalh kka foiska úúO iuq¿" idlÉPd" W;aij" foaYk" jevuq¿ wdÈh i|yd wdrdOkd ,eìK' Ydia;%Sh jYfhka fukau wd.ñl jYfhka o kajykafia ta iEu wjia:djlg u mdfya ish Wmßu odhl;ajh iemhQy' cd;Hka;r fiajh i|yd úu,r;k kdysñmdKka jykafia fkdjeä rgla ke;s ;rï hehs lshkq jrola fkdfõ'

Rcq .=Kfhka rg yiqrejñka bgq l< cd;sl fufyjr

fn,a,kaú, kduh isysm;a jk úg u wm rfgys .sys meúÈ ieu fokdf.a uqjg kef.kafka fn,a,kaú, kdysñ hk kduh hs' tmuKlg rfÜ ck;djg kdysñ kduh yqremqreÿ h' fn,a,kaú, kdysñfhda rg cd;sh wd.u fjkqfjka iqúYd, ksy~ fufyjrla bgq l< nj wuq;=fjka igyka l< hq;= ke;' isxy, fn!oaOhd fjkqfjka Wkajykafia keÕQ y~ iqúfYaI h' lsisu úfgl foaYmd,lhka miqmi fkd.sh wm kdysñfhda rfÜ ckm;sjrhd bÈßfha jqj o je/oao je/oao jYfhka oel thska rgg jk ydksh fy<s lsÍug tä;r jQ nj igyka lrkafka Wkajykafiaf.a wNS;Ndjh h<s fufkys lsÍug h'

furg foaYmd,k l%uh oeä fia úfõpkhg ,la l< fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k kdysñfhda thska rgg w;ajk úm; fy<s lrkakg lsis u úfgl miqng jQfha ke;' miq.sh jif¾ fld<U ksoyia p;=rY%fha meje;s mqrjeis fufyhqu jevigykg tlafjñka Wkajykafia mejiqfõ zzmd¾,sfïka;=fõ yeuodu .y.kakjd" neK.kakjd" l=Kqyrem lshd.kakjd' wo md¾,sfïka;=fõ W;a;Í;rNdjh tfyu msáka u ke;sfj,d .syska' wehs fufyu wh f;dar,d md¾,sfïka;= hjkafka' wmsg fudlo jqfKa'ZZ hk joka fm< hs' ienúkau cd;shg w;a jQ brKu wm kdysñfhda m%Yak lrkq ,enqfõ lK.dgqfjks'

rg cd;sh wd.u fjkqfjka fn,a,kaú, kdysñhka l:d lrkakg mgka .;af;a wo Bfha fkdfõ' jir ;sy y;<syl isg h' wmj;a ù jod< udÿ¿jdfõ fidaNs; ysñhka yd j¾;udkfhys fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix>iNdfjys uydkdhl moúh fydnjk w;s.re b;a;Emdfka Oïud,xldr udysñhka iu. Furg cd;sl jHdmdrhkays il%shj kshe,s Wkajykafia wm rfgys iEu ÿ¾oYd iïmkak wjia:djl § u Rcqj Bg ueÈy;a jQy' tfy;a wo fn,a,kaú, muKla fkdj iuia; ,xldoaùmh u md¨jg f.dia we;' Wkajykafiaf.a yÈis wmj;a ùu fya;=fjka .sys meúÈ fomsßi u úlaIsma; Ndjhg m;aj isá;s' ta fn,a,kaú, kdysñhka fuka wNS;j y~kÕd h<s cd;shg kdhl;ajh fokafka ljqrekao hkak ksYaÑ; ke;s ksid h'

wka;¾ wd.ñl iïnkaO;d

fn,a,kaú, ysñ fyj;a Venerable Bellanwila kñka foaYSh yd úfoaYSh lf;da,sl" l%sia;shdks" yskaÿ yd bia,dï wd.ñl kdhlhka w;r ckm%sh wm kdysñmdKka jykafia furg wka;¾ wd.ñl iyfhda.S;ajh fjkqfjka lemù l%shd l<y' j¾I 1992 § wdrïN l< wd.ñl fldka.%ifha iudrïNl idudðlhl= yd iuiNdm;sjrfhl= jQ Wkajykafia iduh i|yd jQ wd.ñl ixúOdkfha Y%S ,xld YdLdfõ iNdm;sjrhd fia 2008 j¾Ifha isg l%shd l<y' Èjhsfkys iEu m<d;l u mdfya tu ix.ufha wkqYdLdjka wdrïN lsÍug kdhl;ajh ,ndÿka wm kdhl iajdóka jykafia b;a;Emdfka udysñ" wmj;a ù jod< udÿ¿jdfõ ysñ" n%dyauKj;af;a iSj,S kdysñ" fldgmsáfha rdyq, ysñ" ueojÉÑfha Oïufcd;s ysñ" ue,alï rxð;a j¾;udk ldÈk,a;=uka" Tiaj,aâ f.dauia ysgmq w.ro.=re;=ud" uykqjr ro.=re úhdks m%kdkaÿ" je,a,j;af;a rdul%sIaK ñIka ys l=relal,a;=ud" ciSud iauhs,a uy;añh" ujq,ú wdoï ndjd" l%siafgdam¾ ijßuq;a;= uy;añh" YsjkkaokS fodf¾idñ uy;añh wd§ka iu. ta ta ;ekaj,g f.dia wd.ñl iyÔjkh iïnkaO úúO l%shdodu Èh;a l<y' miq.sh ld,j, rfgys Woa.; jQ ÿ¾Nd.H iïmkak wd.ñl .egqïj, § kdysñhka úiska uOHia:j rfgys foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg lrk ,o wjYH u. fmkaùï o fuys ,d wms isysl< hq;af;uq'

fkd l,ays ta uyd mykageU ksù .sfhah

uydpd¾h fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k wkqkdysñmdKka jykafia miq.sh 2 jeksod fmrjre 9'00 g muK úydria:dkfha isák ñhka l=udr kue;s we;a megjdg wdydr ,ndfok w;r;=r § isÿ jQ wk;=rlska l¿fndaú, uy frday,g;a miqj fld<U fm!oa.,sl frday,lg;a we;=<;a lrkq ,enQy' Y,Hl¾uhlg Ndckh lsÍfuka wk;=rej Woa.; jQ yDohdndOhlska w;s.re fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k wkqkdysñmdKka jykafia 2018 la jQ fmnrjdß ui 03 jeks od fmrjre 11'45 muK wmj;a jQy'

Rcq m%;sm;a;sj,ska wm rg fufyhjd Æ ix> kdhlhdKka jykafia ;jÿrg;a wm w;r ke;' Y%S ,dxflah fn!oaO ckhdg kdhl;ajh iemhQ ud¾f.damfoaYlhdKka jykafia wfmka fjkaj f.dia we;' furg ish¨ wd.ñlhkag uOHia:j u.fmkajd Æ l,HdK ñ;%hdKka jykafia Tjqka yer f.dia we;' fn,a,kaú, rdcuyd úydrh uq,afldg wd.ñl" idudðl" ixialD;sl yd wOHdmk fufyhla bgql< fn,a,kaú, iqmqka i| wld,fha nei .sfhah' w.%.KH Ydia;%OrhdK flfkl= fia Ydia;%Sh f,dalh mqnqÿjd Æ Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha l=,m;s kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia wm w;r wo ke;' i;<sia ih jirlg jeä l,la wfma fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uydix> iNdjg ffO¾h imhñka th fufyhjd Æ oyku jeks wkqkdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia iajlSh fiajh wl,ays ksud fldg we;' iuia; Y%S ,dxflah NsCIq ix>hdf.a iyDo ixfla;h ñ,skj f.dia we;' wm rgg wdf,dalh ÿka ta uyd mykageU fkd l,ays ksù .sfhah'