l%s' j' 1855 cqks 22 jk frdayK ckmofha neos.u m%isoaO mjq,l cks; jQ neos.u Y%S r;kmd, iajdñJøhka jykafia Wmkaod isgu fo.=rekaf.a wfmaCIdjka mqnqÿjd,Q mqkai|la nÿ jQy' orefjl= jYfhka mjq,g tla jQ od isg osidkdhl mjq, jdikdjka; mjq,la úh' <ore l< mgkau ÿgq ÿgq ieuf.a is;a i;ka ;=< kdhl;ajfha fmrux i<l=Kq olakg úh' wOHdmk lghq;= ms<sn|j Wka jykafia l=vd l< isgu oelajQfha wiSñ; oCI;djhls' tjlg idufKar fmdä yduqÿrekula f,i W.; hq;= nK oyï fmd;a w;r uÕ=,a ,l=K" joka lú fmd;" .Kfoú yE,a," nqoaO .Êch" Yaf,dal fmd;a lshjñka wOHdmkh ms<sn|j ;snQ oCIlu ienEjgu mdKaä;Hfhka fyì ienE Ydik ys;ldó iiqk nen<ùug yels NsCIqjlf.a wd.ukh fmkakqï lf<ah' <ud l:slfhla YsIH .=rejrfhla f,i yelshdjka ukdj fmkajkakg úh' meúosùfuka nK lSu kj mshjrla bosßhg .sfhah' O¾um%oSmsldj wudj;=r fy< nK fmd;a uy msßia ueo yv k.d lshñka .eUqre ;eka f;dard oSug mqreÿ úh' NsCIqjlf.a j;a ms<sfj;a uekúka fkdmsßfy,d bgq lrk ,oS' idufKar wjêfha fufia ,o YsCIKh iaj¾Kd.ukh f;la kdysñhkaf.a Ôú;h oSma;su;a lsÍug fmdfydi;a úh' jeäÿrg;a neos.u r;kmd, idufKarhka jykafia isxy, md,s ixialD; NdId ms<sn| uQ,sl oekqu ;u .=refoafjda;a;u ;ekqïfmd; rcuyd úydrdêm;s ishU,dfldgqfõ w;a:oiaiHdNsOdk inr.uq m<df;a m%Odk ix>kdhl udysñmdKka jykafia oshhq;= oekqu ;u YsIHhdg ,nd oSug miqng fkdjQfhah' neos.u r;kmd, ysñhka jir 15l idufKar NsCIqjl ld,fha oCI O¾u l:slfhls' hq.dik O¾u foaYkdjkag kka foiska wdrdOkd ,enQy' ish wdpd¾hmdfoda;a;uhdKka jykaf.a wämdf¾ hñka lrkq ,nk hq.dik O¾u foaYkd ;=<ska fn!oaO ck;djf.a uy;a jQ m%idoh oskd.ekSug iu;a jQy'

úisji imsreKq Wkajykafiaf.a Wmiïmodj isÿjQfha 1875 u,aj;= uyd úydrfhah' fuu WmiïmodfõoS Y%S O¾urCIs; foajñ;a;dNsOdk ueo.u uydkdhl iajdñJøhka jykafia WmdOHdh jQy' ysmafmd, fidaNs; uyd iajdñJøhka jykafia yd jeõf.dkafka úmiais uyd ia:úrmdohka jykafiao l¾ujd.dpd¾hh jQy' blaì;sj —fï l=vd ;ek u;= f,dal Ydik ix.%yfhys YdikdNsjDoaêh ie,iSfï fmdfydi;a W;=fula jkafkah˜ hkqfjka uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia l< wkqYdikdj Wmiïmod ldrl ix>iNdj we;=¿ ish,qfokd jykafia wkqu; l<y' Wka jykafia wOHdmkh yodrk ,oafoa mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr msßfjfkysh' oCI úkh.rel NsCIqjla ksid Wkajykafia 1885oS wdpd¾hjrfhl= jYfhka m;aùï ,enQy' ld¾hY+rFjh yd oekqï iïNdrh lemSfmfkkag ùfuka fÊHIaG Wmdpd¾hjrfhl= f,i Wiiùï ,enQy p;=r l:sl;ajh;a p;=r foaYkd ú,dYh;a ksid rg mqrd mqKfHda;aij lghq;= j,oS m%uql;ajh f.k lghq;= lrkakg úh' ta w;r fkdfhla jdo újdo fï wjêfha mek ke.=fkah' uy msßfjka fol tlsfkl .egqfkah mdremk jdoh yd k K , < jdo fuys ,d b;d jeo.;a úh' O¾udrdu kdysñfhda fï jdohka i|yd neos.u yduqÿrejka legqj' .shy jdohka p;=r f,i yiqrjkq ,enqfha neos.u r;kmd, ysñhkah' iuyr jdohkag .=rejreka iuÕo iuyr jdohkag ;ksjuo ;uka iïnkaO úh' ta yeu jdohlau Wkajykafia úiska ch.kq ,eîh' .d,af,a mdremk jdoh lÉÑj;af;a mdremk jdoho^1886& l¿;r mdremk jdoh^1886& le<Ksh mdremk jdoh^1886& rhs.ï jdoh^1888& jdis jdoh^1888& jeks jdo ta w;r m%isoaO jdo úh' neos.u r;kmd, kdysñhka úoHd,xldr msßfjfkys YsIHfhl= yd wdpd¾hh jrfhl= jYfhka .; l< Ôú;hg 1891 wf.daia;= udifha iuq ÿkafkah' tjlg úoHd,xldr mßfõkdêm;sj jev úiQ r;au,dfka Y%S O¾udrdu kdhl iajdñkajykafia msßkuk ,o wOHdmk iy;slfha fufia i|ykaj ;sìKs' —óg fodf<dia wjqreoaolska mQ¾jfhys O¾udkaf;ajdisl;ajfhka meñKs neos.u r;kmd, ia:úr f;u O¾u úkho isxy, md,s ixialD; ;=ka NdIdj yd ks>Kavq Pkaoia jHdlrK ldjHd,xldr Ydia;%o iqjp iqúkS;Ndjfhka mqreÿ mqyqKq fldgf.k W.;a O¾u Ydia;%hka yeoErùfuysoS Yla;su;a jQ miq fuu Ydia;% Yd,dkq.; iNd iïu;fhka fuys Wmpd¾h ia:dkhgo ms<s.kakd ,oafoa Ydia;%{dKfhka yd iauD;fhkao wm ieu i;=gq lf<ah˜ Wka jykafia tod úoHd,xldr ish .=reN+ñfhka iuq.kafka .=refo.=re YsIH ish,q fokdf.a fk;= w.g lÿ<la tla lrñks' oslaje,a, ;ekqïfmd; rcuyd úydrh hk Wkajykafiaf.a wdrduhg jevu l<y ,o Ydia;%Sh oekqu m<d;a jdiS bf.kqu ,nk ieug ,ndoSug miqng fkdùh'

fï jljdkqj ;=<oS ud;r m%foaYfha úiQ b,x.fldaka ms,sma mrKú;drK m;a;=fõ j,õfõ uy;a;hd ue;sKsh m%uqL m%N+ msßila ud;r k.rh msßfjkla weröfï wjYH;djh fmkajd foñka wdrdOkd lr isáhy' neos.u kdysñfhda fï i|yd ish wjOdkh fhduq l<y' bkslaì;sj je,sfõßfha tjlg neoafo mkai, kñka m%lgj mej;s oekg mqrdK uyd uka;skaodrdufhys ls%ia;= j¾I 1893 cQks 23 jk osk uyd uka;skao mßfõkdia:dkh wdrïN lsÍfuka ud;r msßfjka b;sydifhys uq,a mshjr ;eîfï f.!rjh ysñlr .;ay ls%' j' 1910 oCIsK ,xldfõ m%Odk ix>kdhl moúh fldaÜfÜ Y%S l,HdKs idu.%SO¾u uyd ix>iNdj u.ska msßkuk ,oS' jfrl Wka jykafia ^1911-1912& Y%Smdoia:dkfha kdhl;ajhg m;aúh 19jk ishji w. Nd.fha mßj¾;k hq.hla wdrïN úh' fï wjêfha mgka mekke.=Kq iuhdka;r jdo Ydia;%Sh jdo flda,y, wdosh idudðl fukau udkqYsl mßj¾;khlg fya;=mdol úh' ls;= iuh yd nqÿiuh w;r ks;r .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajhla we;súh fn!oaO n,h hgf.k l%sia;shdks n,h ke.S isákakg úh' rch nqoaOd.u fldka lrkakg úh ks<;, j,g .scq jQ we;eï isxy, fn!oaOfhda l%sia;shdks wd.u je<|.kakg úh'

ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao wdoS NsCIQka jykafia,d fukau O¾umd,;=ud j,sisxy yßiapJø ue;s;=ud fï ksid biau;= úh wd.u yd cd;sh m%fndaOu;a lsÍug oeä mshjrla .;ay' fï ld, mßÉfþofha wd.ñl m%Yak .ek;a Ydia;%Sh m%Yak .ek;a m%isoaO iNdj,oS fukau mqj;am;a iÕrd uÕska fndfyda jdo újdo ìysúh uqøK Ys,amh oshqKq ùu;a iuÕ fndfyda mqj;am;a iÕrd u.ska tu jdoújdo isÿjQfhah' neos.u r;kmd, kdysñhka uqyqKfokakg jQfha ksldhdka;r jdo j,gh' fuu jdohka úIh wkqj j¾. l<fyd;a mdremk jdo jdis jdo wêYS, jdo .egjgq jdo foajmQcd jdo m%;sud jdo wêudi jdo m,a,F:sl jdo o,ayslrK jdo fï w;r úh' we;eïjdo j,oS neos.u kdysñ mru; ì| fy,kakg;a ish u;h ;yjqre lsÍug;a fm<fmd;a wgqjdj,ska lreKq bosßm;a lrñka lrk ,o l:d ú,dYh oyia .Kka ckSckhdf.a uú;hg fya;= úh' p;=r l:slFjh O¾uúYdro;ajh mrjdoSka mrojd ch flfy<s Tijd,Sh Wkajykafiaf.a oCI;djhkag meyeÿk u,aj;= wia.sß WNh md¾YAjhkaf.a uydkdysñjreka ks¾u, nqoaO Ydikh wdrCId lsÍug n,h mjrd oS we;'

neos.u r;kmd, kdysñhka isÿl, jdo ksidu jdoSNisxy hk f.!rjkduh ks;e;skau ysñúh kdysñhka miqld,Skj Wkajykafia hk jdo j,g iyNd.S jk úreoaOjdoSka Wka jykafiaf.a ku weiQ muKskamiq niskakg úh jkaks rg n<,af,ajdoh ^1896& fuu jdohg neos.u r;kmd, kdysñhka jeänj oek.;a m%;sjdoSka flair isxyfhl= ÿgq we;a /<la fuka ìfhka miq nei ie.jQy' —wmamikakdkxjd midodh midkkajd NSfhdaNdjdh hk nqÿ jok ienE l< neos.u r;kmd, kdysñmdKka jykafiaf.a Ydiksl fiajdj YdikdNsjDoaêhg uy;a fia Wmldß úh' tod ÿ¾u;hka LKavkh fldg ks¾u, nqÿoyu wdrCId lf<a neos.u kdysñmdKka jykafiah kdysñhka kvq úioSfïoS w;s oCIfhl= úh' rcfha wêlrKfhaoS mjd Wkajykafiaf.a kvq ;Skaÿ ia:srju isáfhah fldaÜfÜ ix>INdfõ mekke.=K .eg,q m%Yak kvq úiÿfõo kdysñhka úisks iudcfiajdjo Wka jykafia wu;l fkdl<y' ish mrmqf¾ f.!rjh wdrCId lsÍug iu¾: YSIH iuQyhla Ydikhg odhdo l<y ta w;r nU/kafoa Y%S O¾udjdi mrjdyer YS% f¾j;nU/ekafoa Y%S iqux., r;kfcda;s wdoS ysñjreka lemS fmkqks'

Wka jykafia idys;HOrfhl= f,iska ud;r lúmrmqrg myka geUla úh' Wmydid;aul fiau cklú Í;Sh .=refldg úiQ iudch miqìï fldg kdysñ rpkd l, moH ;=,ska iyc lúFjfha iqj| úysÿùh iEu lúfhl=u .re l< iuqøf>daI úß;g jvd;a reÑ lr;s'

ó uqj lla;=ka fk;lska ,sysKs      wrd
f.k l.;ska h<s l=l=<ka ñKso     ord
rc nrKska is,a isrefrka wev,     ord
y; kel;ska fi; foï uqKs  mshqu;=rd 

Ydia;%Sh m%nkaO wdYs¾jdo nqÿ.=K j¾Kkd f;dú,a mú,a m%nJO wdoS fulS fkdlS fndfyda foa Wka jykafia my;rg lú iuhg odhdo l<y' .=K.rel nqoaO mq;%fhl= jYfhka fY%AIaG ix> kdysñjrfhl= jYfhka neos.u r;kmd, kdysñhka isÿlrk ,o Ydiksl fiajdj fu;lehs w.h l< fkdfya nqÿoyu rg jeishkag fnod ÿka fial' O¾u úkh b.ekajQy' ÿ¾u; j,ska ks¾u, jQ nqÿoyu /l.;a fial NsCIq úkh wdrCId l<y tjka h;sjrhdKka jykafiaf.a wjidkh fufia isÿúh l%s' j' 1917 foieïn¾ 11 jk osk fm' j' 3' 00 g Ndjkdfõ fhoS yso kej; fmd; n,d blaì;s uqj fodajkh fldg f.äh .id foajdrdOkh lr NsCIQka iuÕ jev ys| j;a msß;a j\rd foúhkag mskaoS úydrhg t<U je|mqod YsIHhkag b.ekaùï fldg msßisÿ ù YsIH NsCIQka jykafia,d le|jd r;k iQ;%h foaYkd lrk f,i b,a,d isáñka th Y%jKh lrñka iiqkUr taldf,dal l< mykageU ksù .sh fial'